Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics Essay Example

Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics Essay Introduction Corporate social responsibility(CSR) refers to the managers are not only create profit for shareholders, but also assume the responsibility for employees, consumers and other stakeholders. (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). Corporate social responsibility requires companies to exceed traditional goals of profit-worship and make contribution to public welfare in the working process. Companies spend more time and resources in managing social responsibility to coordinate the benefit between shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility can achieve the sustainable development of society and economic. Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). In this essay, firstly, I will introduce the corporate social responsibility, and then I will explain why companies need to speed expensive time and resources in the CSR, thirdly, I will show the way how to achieve the CSR. Main Body Already it is fiendishly hard to define a corporate social responsibility. The re are two main views which are classical and socioeconomic views. In classical view, management has only social responsibility to get the maximise profits. It mean that company’s social responsibility is only satisfied with the shareholders. Here is a case of the Manville Corporation in United States. Fifty years ago, its senior management had found that asbestos which is one of its products caused fatal lung disease. As a matter of policy, management decided to hide the fact from affected employees. Why? Profits! In the mid-1940s, the company replied the lawyer that their policy can save more money. That might be true in the short term, but it surely wrong in the long run. The company was forced to file for bankruptcy in 1982 because of the thousands of lawsuits about asbestos. Until 1988, the company emerged from bankruptcy. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Responsibility and Managerial Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But they got huge liabilities. They had to pay US$2. 6 billion in cash and bonds. On 1 April 1996, Manville Corporation closed the company permanently and there is a independent trust fund continue to pay out the liabilities in Manville’s name. (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). In socioeconomic view, management’s social responsibility exceed classical view and include making contribution to society’s welfare. (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). It generally refers to achieve the benefit while base on ethical values, comply with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities, and the nvironment. (Catalyst Consortium 2002). So, managers need to coordinate the benefit between shareholders and other stakeholders. Toyota Australia installed a 350,000 litre underground stormwater tank in its new corporate headquarter in Melbourne. The huge tank collects stormwater from the roof and used to flushing toilets and irrigating gardens which are surround the buildings. ( Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). Toyota build water tank can save water for the society and decrease expense in water, this action is subjective. European Commission emphasize that the CSR is an independent behaviour which is decided by the companies, nobody is compulsive, and it concerted the relationship between company and society. ( Lefter MureSan 2010). Thus, many corporations do not like to increase attention in CSR before they have been censured by the Greenpeace, media and human-rights organisations. For example, in the early 1990s, Nike was boycotted by large group of consumers. Why? Because the New York Times and other media disclose that the labours in its factory in Indonesian were reviled. (Porter Kramer 2006). In general, Companies supply goods and services, because the market economy system offers incentives if the companies do it. Market economy operates according to Adam Smith’s invisible hand. (Nick, 2008). Companies contribute social interests to get intangible benefit such as goodwill. Corporate social responsibility can be a long-term economic performance. This action achieve the sustainable development of society and economic. Avon Products Inc. was being socially responsible when it started its Breast Cancer Crusade to provide women with breast cancer education and early detection screening services. After 14 years, this project has increased more than US$400 million in 50 countries worldwide. Brazilian cosmetics manufacturer Natura developed sustainable development projects with farmers and small communities. It is socially responsible. Why? Through each of the programs, managers have protected and improve society’s welfare. (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). Nowadays, more and more companies are conscious of that in order to keep powerful in produce and compete in a constant changing market, they need to become socially responsible. In the last ten years, globalization make the earth as a country. The development of technology results in most companies lost the dominant position. In this globalization completive environment, companies want to improve their ability to get profits and avoid risks. How can they do it? Devoting expensive time and resources to managing their social responsibility. Because of globalization, skilled employees, stable consumers and investors become more and more important. CSR can connect the employees, consumers and investors in an mutual benefit. (Catalyst Consortium 2002). So, successful corporations need society to ensure that they can get enough good workers, government policies, consumer markets and national resources. At the same time, a healthy society needs successful companies to protect and improve welfare. (Porter Kramer 2006). Insurance Australia Group(IGA) has been consider with the global warming for some time. They decided that paying more attention to prevent global warming, but not just paying compensation in the end. Global warming caused more storms, more storms can cause more compensations, more compensations cause expenses raise up and then the income of the company does not increase. Snow, 2005). In a series of cycle, companies and society get less than they have paid. It is a vicious cycle. Many companies want to get profit through the CSR. It is hardly distinguish whether this kind of CSR is good or bad. Some people think it as mutual benefit, and something to celebrate; others regard it is hypocritical. And, even some companies think that CSR is just show the name on the Giving List. Is CSR then mostly for show? It is hardly to identify, because CSR has many different styles and is started by many different motives. For most companies, CSR is little more than a cosmetic treatment. Big multinationals also show their CSR criteria, it is pretty. But they have never achieve it. (Crook, 2005). The tragic happened and oil spill show a corporate culture at BP that always ignore worker safety and environmental standards. If BP can increase precautions, many accidents will not happen. Ironically, the company just finished a very successful advertising campaign, show itself as environmentally friendly an does better than other oil companies. BP makes a perfect marketing work. It shows that BP is a corporate social responsibility advocate. In fact, all the action which BP does are face job. Essentially, BP cannot carry out its corporate social responsibility. (Cherry Sneirson2011). These actions called ‘greenwash’ and also called ‘faux CSR’. When we devoted expensive time and resources to managing our social responsibility, we did not want to get this result. How to achieve the real corporate social responsibility? Typically, the more closely connected to a social issue is to an entity’s business, the greater the opportunity to leverage the firm’s resources and benefit society. (Porter Kramer 2006). For example, Since1999, Optus has been a major sponsor and partner of Kids Help Line, which is a free confidential telephone counselling service for young people who are aged 5 to 18. (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg Coulter 2008). Conclusion Companies should devote more time and resources to managing their corporate social responsibility. CSR in generally means that management achieve sustainable development between company’s profit and society’s benefit. If companies pay attention to CSR, it can refer to increasing their competitive force in the global market. Companies need to carry out their real CSR, not for face job or the Giving List. Corporations are not responsible for all problems of the world, and they also do not have enough resources to solve them. Each company can decide the particular set of societal problems which can balance the ability of solve problem and the competitive benefit. Reference list Crook, C. (2005, Jan 20). The good company. The Economist. Retrieved August 28, 2011, from http://www. economist. com/node/3555212? Story_id=3555212 Catalyst Consortium (2002). What is Corporate Social Responsibility?. Retrieved August 28, 2011, from http://www. rhcatalyst. org/site/DocServer/CSRQ_A. pdf? docID=103 Cherry, M. A. , Sneirson, J. F. (2011). Beyond Profit: Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility and Greenwashing After the BP Oil Disaster. Tulane Law Review, 85(4), 983-1038. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Lefter, C. C. , MureSan, L. L. (2010). THE ETHICAL AND SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR OF THE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series VII: Social Sciences. Law, (52), 207-212. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Lin-Hi, Nick (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility: An Investment in Social Cooperation for Mutual Advantage, Wittenberg Center for Global Ethics Discussion Paper, 2008-6. Porter, M. E. , Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92. Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter (2008). Management, 5th ed. , Sydney, Australia: Pearson Education. Snow, D. (2005, September 14). Green is good. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 14, 2005, from http://www. smh. com. au/news. business/green-is-good/2005/09/13/112637712729. htnl

Free Essays on Tennyson And Lady Of Shalott

Tennyson’s 1832 poem, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott,† found itself born again in its revised state after Tennyson’s ten year silent period. In both versions, the Lady of Shalott is a body of creativity. Her weaving is an artform. Enveloped in the tapestry are images and pictures of the reflections she sees passing in her magic mirror. The Lady of Shalott is an artist of both the loom and of images. Tennyson uses this status and her fate to embody the characteristics of an artist. For example, she is withdrawn in a tower from which she can see below the workings of a society - Camelot. An artist must, therefore, be secluded and detached so as to accurately convey the meaning behind his/her subjects and make a statement on society. However, this portrayal of the detached and elusive artist is even more clearly defined in specific revisions of the poem between 1832 and 1842. The deletion of specific descriptive details and the changing of the final stanza proves that the1842 revised version of Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† is more effective in conveying the notability of an artist who detaches and abstracts from his/her subject so as to make an accurate statement on society. Specific details are described in the 1832 version of â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† which are excluded from the revised 1842 version. Specifically, images of adornment that add to the description of the Lady in the earlier version are removed from the later version of the poem. For example, the 1832 version specifically mentions pearls decorating the Lady of Shalott. She is described as having a â€Å"cloudwhite crown of pearl† and a â€Å"pearlgarland winding her head†. In addition, in this earlier version, the portrait of the Lady of Shalott is not the only concept described with more detail and adornment. The images that create her setting are also described in more decorative detail: â€Å"She leaneth on a velvet bed,/ Fully royal... Free Essays on Tennyson And Lady Of Shalott Free Essays on Tennyson And Lady Of Shalott Tennyson’s 1832 poem, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott,† found itself born again in its revised state after Tennyson’s ten year silent period. In both versions, the Lady of Shalott is a body of creativity. Her weaving is an artform. Enveloped in the tapestry are images and pictures of the reflections she sees passing in her magic mirror. The Lady of Shalott is an artist of both the loom and of images. Tennyson uses this status and her fate to embody the characteristics of an artist. For example, she is withdrawn in a tower from which she can see below the workings of a society - Camelot. An artist must, therefore, be secluded and detached so as to accurately convey the meaning behind his/her subjects and make a statement on society. However, this portrayal of the detached and elusive artist is even more clearly defined in specific revisions of the poem between 1832 and 1842. The deletion of specific descriptive details and the changing of the final stanza proves that the1842 revised version of Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† is more effective in conveying the notability of an artist who detaches and abstracts from his/her subject so as to make an accurate statement on society. Specific details are described in the 1832 version of â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† which are excluded from the revised 1842 version. Specifically, images of adornment that add to the description of the Lady in the earlier version are removed from the later version of the poem. For example, the 1832 version specifically mentions pearls decorating the Lady of Shalott. She is described as having a â€Å"cloudwhite crown of pearl† and a â€Å"pearlgarland winding her head†. In addition, in this earlier version, the portrait of the Lady of Shalott is not the only concept described with more detail and adornment. The images that create her setting are also described in more decorative detail: â€Å"She leaneth on a velvet bed,/ Fully royal...

The Inuit in the Age of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Inuit in the Age of Globalization - Essay Example This essay researches the modern lifestyle of Inuit tribes. A lifestyle that has been profoundly affected by the process of globalization. Relatively healthy from their lives as subsistence hunters and gatherers of the sparse Arctic tundra, the Inuit were completely self-sufficient until they first came into contact with Europeans in the 19th century. By the late 1880s, the Inuit Eskimos were already strongly affected by the same sorts of ‘white man’s diseases’ that had affected more southern tribes, such as measles and smallpox, brought in by traders and whaling ships. At the same time, however, the Inuit have been able to gain increased access to medical care, making it possible for the population to restore itself following initial introduction. This essay also describes significant economic changes that were brought about, both for the good and the detriment of the indigenous people. Positive changes included the introduction of metal, which could be used for everything from knives to fish hooks and increased the Inuit’s ability to catch food for their villages. Negative changes included the over-fishing of their waters, making it increasingly difficult for them to continue competing for their necessary food with outsiders who were better equipped with new technologies. Increasingly, Inuits are turning to money and store-bought items as preferable alternatives to the traditional hand-made products once relied upon. Author of this essay also covered climate change topic and the way in which the Inuit live through the actions of other countries.

Networking Strategy and professional development Module 1 Questions Essay

Networking Strategy and professional development Module 1 Questions - Essay Example An understanding of the client’s background is essential as it helps the mentor to grow professionally. The other benefit of mentoring in the networking process is that it helps the mentor to gain professional satisfaction through the expertise that he or she shares with the clients (Crawford, 2007). Mentoring can also be regarded as essential as it helps the mentor to add value to his or her career. This is because the mentor gets an opportunity to utilize his or her skills and gain insights from the professional relationships with the mentees. Mentoring in the networking process can also be regarded to be of immense benefits to the mentee. The mentee benefits through gaining expertise from the mentor. Thus, the mentee can sharpen his or her skills. The mentee also gets an opportunity to learn some skills, which may be of immense help in the mentees personal development. In addition, the mentee benefits since he or she gets to know more about the organization, its policies, rules, as well as the culture of the organization (Whittaker & Cartwright, 2000). Networking can be regarded as one of the essential elements when it comes to the building of successful careers. Therefore, any person wishing to succeed in his or her career should consider networking with other professionals in his own field. Networking helps in building successful careers since most jobs may not be advertised. As such, networking is essential as it helps the job seeker to gain awareness and knowledge about a certain job that may be advertised. Networking is also essential in building a successful career as it helps the job seeker to be well prepared for interviews. This is because networking can help job seekers have full knowledge about the requirements of an interview. As a result, they will have an easy time during the interview and they will mostly likely get the job (Dirks, 2009). The most effective networking strategy for job search is becoming members of professional

Everyday Use Essay Example for Free

Everyday Use Essay Everyday Use is tale of two siblings who are the exact opposite of each other and how they view the world around them. Dee and Maggie are on the opposite ends of the spectrum, as Dee is more of an outgoing woman who fervently pursued education to get away from her humble beginnings. She wanted to be successful as her mother recalls â€Å"Dee (Wanergo) wanted nice things†, while Maggie always embraced the conventional role of woman (Walker 273). Dee is not quite feminine like her sister as she says â€Å"I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man† (273). However, Maggie is an introvert who prefers being at home and doing household chores. Maggie, ever since her accident is not so confident, as her mom recalls â€Å"she will stand hopeless in corners, homely and ashamed† (272). Dee is also very selfish and inconsiderate about her family’s feelings, as she views her family quilt as a mere cultural artifacts and tries to take away it away from them with no remorse. On the contrary, Maggie never tries to deny her sister any of her, although it may at the cost of her own happiness. Her mom says that Maggie â€Å"thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand† (272). However, she is very saddened by her wanting to take away the quilt that she and her grandmother made with their own hands. However, Dee says â€Å"Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts†, failing to see the sentimental value of the quilt to her sister (278). Conclusion Dee is more pretentious as she tries to put up an African persona to sound more cultured and cosmopolitan. She changes her name and her appearance to suit her new found African heritage and justifies it by saying â€Å"I couldn’t bear it any longer being named after the people who oppress me† (276). Maggie, on the other hand, is content with her life and comfortable with her African-American descent. Works Cited Page Walker, A. (1973). †Everyday Use†. In Love and Trouble, 272-276.

The Awakening :: essays research papers

In The Awakening Kate Chopin uses several symbols and motifs to reveal greater themes throughout the book. The protagonist, Edna Pontellier, goes through a series of â€Å"awakenings† in which she discovers her independence and longing for a life which is less conformed. Yet Edna ultimately finds that independence and solitude come hand in hand, and that the expectations of women in the 1800’s conflict with her desire to be an individual. Several events and characters influence Edna’s awakening such as Robert Lebrun, Adele Ratignolle and even her several visits to Grand Isle. Yet there is one character who seems to be the most influential in Edna’s development and that is Mademoiselle Reisz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mademoiselle Reisz is an unconventional and somewhat unpopular older woman but also an excellent pianist. She is unmarried, childless, and homely, devoting all her time to her music. Even her living style reveals her character; an apartment above everyone else, with a view, but often disagreeable and cold. Mademoiselle Reisz serves as a muse for Edna representing independence and freedom, and she is thus also a foil for Adele who represents everything an acceptable woman would have been in the nineteenth century. Even though neither Edna nor Mademoiselle Reisz can really claim to have been very fond of each other, Edna seeks her companionship as she begins to pursue her independence and is attracted to Mademoiselle because of her blunt manner. Mademoiselle Reisz is the only character who knows of Edna’s feelings for Robert and therefore serves as an important link between the two characters. Mademoiselle Reisz also realizes that Edna is the only guest who s eems really touched by her music, made obvious in a passage in which Edna first hears her play â€Å"Perhaps it was the first time she was ready, perhaps the first time her being was tempered to take an impress of the abiding truth... she saw no pictures of solitude, of hope, of longing, or of despair† (chap.9 pg. 33). In this light Mademoiselle Reisz serves as a true confidant for Edna and these details bring these two contrasting personalities together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Edna becomes increasingly aware of her sexuality and need to be independent she realizes that Mademoiselle Reisz is the epitome of artistry and female independence, one who lives in eccentric isolation. Mademoiselle Reisz tells Edna that she must be brave is she wishes to be an artist, that artists must have a courageous and defiant soul, â€Å"Courageous, ma foi! The brave soul.

Edi, Wap

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHAT IS EDI? 3. WHY USE EDI? 4. ADVANTAGES OF EDI OVER A PAPER-BASED DOCUMENT TRANSFER SYSTEM 5. HOW EDI WORKS? 6. EDI COMPONENTS 7. FILE TYPES. 8. EDI SERVICES. 9. CONCLUSION. INTRODUCTION Everybody uses business connections of one sort or another to get orders, send bills, make collections, determine and pay what it owes, move goods, and control its money. The business connections used historically to perform these operations have been the postal service and the telephone. A relatively new link is electronic data communications facilities.Your links to business connections are limited to the mail and the telephone. Both are slow. Both terminate with that wall of people who feed the computer and who may make errors. What your company needs is a better link to business connections and that is what electronic data interchange is all about. To appreciate what electronic data interchange (EDI) means, think about all those orders, invoices, freight bills, ship ment instructions, tracing requests, payment instructions, government reports, and the like that your company sends out or receives every day.Think about each as a single transaction. WHAT IS EDI? Traditionally, the transfer of data from one company to another has been by paper documents. This is known as a paper-based system. These documents have to be manually forwarded and entered to the destination computer. EDI is the electronic exchange of structured business information, in standard formats, between computers, EDI eliminates the need for a paper-based system by providing an electronic link between companies. This reduces data entry tasks and improves business cycle times.EDI is the electronic transfer of structured business documents in an organization–internally among groups of departments or externally with its suppliers, customers and subsidiaries. In EDI information is passed electronically from one computer to another over a network without having to be read, rety ped or printed. The information transferred must have a defined structure agreed between your company, and the company or group you send and receive data from. Any company or group which uses EDI is called a TRADING PARTNER.Examples of current uses of EDI includes automatic teller machines (ATMs) in banks where EDI is used for transferring and withdrawing funds between different bank accounts, airline reservation systems, stock exchange transactions and car reservation systems. USE OF EDI: The data from one computer is normally not in a form suitable to be entered directly into another computer. The data may have to be arranged differently before it can be entered into another computer or some items of data may not be needed at all. With EDI, all the data is converted unto an agreed standard format before it is sent over the network.The computer that receives the data can then extract the information it requires. Using EDI implies three things: 1. Information is transferred electron ically rather than on paper. This means that there is no need to enter the data manually in the destination computer. 2. Information is transferred between trading partners who have negotiated trading agreements and have formalized their data transfer system. 3. Information that is transferred complies with agreed standards for the format of the content and the transmission control mechanisms.ADVANTAGES OF EDI OVER A PAPER-BASED DOCUMENT TRANSFER SYSTEM This section highlights the advantages EDI has over a traditional paper-based document transfer system. In a Paper-based System: ? A software application generates a paper document on a form. ? Copies of the document are made. Some are passed to internal departments to be filled, other copies are sent to the trading partner via the postal service. ? The trading partner receives the document and retypes the information on the form into their computer. This retyping often introduces errors. The trading partner generates a paper acknowl edgement and this is sent to the originating company. The transfer of documents in a paper-based system could take a considerable length of time. In an EDI System: ? The application program generates a file, which contains the processed document. ? The document is converted to an agreed standard format. ? The file containing the document is sent electronically over the network. This network links the originating company and its trading partner. ? The file containing the document arrives at the trading partner.It is translated into the correct format and transferred to the recipient's application. ? A receipt is automatically generated and sent over the network t the originating company. EDI transmits documents to the trading partner's application in a very short period of time and with no human intervention. HOW EDI WORKS? Regardless of the format chosen, companies using EDI communicate with their trading partners in one of two ways: Either they exchange data with several trading pa rtners directly or they interact with multiple companies through a central information clearing-house.In the latter case, all transactions are funneled through a third party's computer system, which routes them to the appropriate receiver's computer. This enables the sender to communicate with an unlimited number of trading partners without worrying about proprietary systems, audit trails, variable transmission speeds, and general computer compatibility. Basically, here is how EDI works: 1. Prior to any computer work, representatives of two companies interested in exchanging data electronically meet to specify the applications in the EDI standard, which they will implement. 2.Each company adds EDI programs to its computer to translate company data in standard formats for transmission, and for the reverse translation on the data it receives. 3. Then, as often as operationally requires the two companies exchange data electronically in the standard formats. The data transmitted origina tes from records in the sender's database after the sender confirms that the receiver is an authorized recipient for such data. The sender composes a transmission formatted in the EDI standards, the receiver translates the formatted message to a computer record to be processed and used internally.All transmissions are checked both electronically and functionally and the protocol includes procedures for error detection and correction. INFORMATION FLOW IN EDI: 1. A Company collects data for its own operational or statistical requirements. This data is edited and added to its own database. 2. Pertinent information is extracted by the company from its database, summarized if necessary, constructed into EDI transaction sets, and transmitted to the company or organization requiring it for valid reasons. 3. The frequency for preparing this information is determined by the operational requirements of each recipient. . A communications link for transmission is established according to the st andard communications protocol. 5. The recipient of the information receives the transmission and checks it for its physical characteristics (parity, check character, transmission mode). Retransmission is requested if an error is detected in the physical characteristics of the transmission. 6. The receiver checks the functional characteristics of the data. A message is transmitted to the original sender to acknowledge the transmission and to identify any errors detected. . The receiver processes the information received according to its own internal procedures and timing requirements. EDI COMPONENTS A typical EDI system implements a specific set of EDI by enabling the exchange of business documents. It accepts documents from business software applications, converts the document to a standard format and sends it to another software application or trading partner. EDI system converts generic EDI messages (in EDIFACT or any other EDI standard) format to RDBMS format and from RDBMS form at to EDI format.There are EDI application programs for software developers to configure EDI to work with the various user application software programs. There is normally no end-user interaction with EDI–it is entirely within the background of the EDI system. RDBMS database contains the data to be translated into EDI format and where EDI data is to be converted (and written) to. EDI treats the application database generically–it reads and writes to the tables and fields specified according to the message mapping created by the |EDI Administrator during EDI message configuration.These are done by EDI Configuration programs under the purview of EDI. There are three main components in an EDI system: 1. Application Service- Providers the means of integrating existing or new applications into the EDI system. 2. Translation Service-Converts data from internal format standards to an external format and translates data from an external format to an internal format standard. 3 . Communication Service-Passes documents into a network via the agreed communication protocol.Internal format Transmission Tranmission TRADING files files files PARTNER DocumentsApplicationTranmission Communication BusinessService Service Service Application FILE TYPES EDI creates the following files as a document passes through the system: ? Internal Format File (IFF) ? External Format File (EFF) ? Transmission File Each of these files is described in the following sections.Internal Format File: An internal format file (IFF) contains a single document for a single trading partner. Internal format file is principally for EDI's own use. External Format File: The external format file (EFF) contains the same data as the internal format file translated into the appropriate standard document format. Transmission File: A transmission file contains one or more documents for the same trading partner. Documents of the same type are packaged together in functional groups. The functional group s going to one trading partner are packaged into an interchange set.An interchange set contains one or more functional groups of documents with the same sender and receiver. TRADING PARTNER A Document Type 1 1FunctionalGroupInterchange 1 Set Document Type 2 2Functonal 2 Group TRANSMISSION FILE EDI SERVICES The three EDI services all perform different tasks. The following sections give an overview of what happens in each of three services. Application Service: The Application Service provides the link between a business application and EDI. It allows you to send document to, and receive documents from, an EDI system.A set of callable routines is used to transfer documents from the business application into EDI. Documents destinations can be either intra-company or to external companies, i. e. , trading partners. The EDI Application Service holds each incoming and outgoing document as a single internal format file. EDI converts the document to a standard format and sends it to the tra ding partner using the relevant communication protocol. A number of different standards and communication protocols are available. The following list describe what happens in the Application Service: For outgoing documents: The business application uses the callable routines to send a document from the business application to the Application Service. The document is now in the EDI system and is called internal format file. ? The Application Service sends the document in the internal format file to the Translation Service. For incoming documents: ? The Application Service receives an internal format file from the Translation Service. ? The Application Service makes the data in the internal format file available in database so that the business application can fetch the document from EDI.A callable interface is used to do this. APPLICATION SERVICE File server Internal Formal File Callable RoutinesInternalFormat File Translation Service: ? Converts outgoing documents from an internal f ormat file to an agreed external format. ? Translates incoming documents from an external format to th EDI internal format file. The external document standards that a EDI system supports are EDIFACT, X12, TDCC, and ODETTE The following lists describe what happens in the Translation Service: For outgoing documents: The Translation Service receives a document in the internal format file from the Application Service. It converts the internal format file to the appropriate external standard (either EDIFACT, X12, TDCC, or ODETTE). The file is now an external format file. ? The Translation Service combines one or more external format files into a transmission file. ? The Translation Service now sends the transmission file to the Communication Service. For incoming documents: ? The Translation Service receives a document n the transmission file from the Communication Service. ? Separates the transmission file to produce external format files. It translates each external format file, which may be in an external standard (either EDIFACT, X12, TDCC, or ODETTE) to the internal format file. The file is now an internal format file. ? The translation Service now sends the internal format file to the Application Service. Communication Service: The Communication Services sends and receives transmission files to and from the trading partners either directly or by using a third-party service called a Value Added Network (VAN). The following lists describe what happens in the Communication Service: For outgoing documents: The Communication Service receives a transmission file from the Translation Service. It checks the file to see which trading partner it has to be sent to. When it has identified the type of connection to be used for this trading partner t determines which gateway to use. ? The Communication Service sends the transmission file to the trading partner. For incoming documents: ? The Communication Service receives a transmission file from the trading partner. The f ile arrives through one of the gateways that EDI supports. ? The Communication Service sends the transmission file to the Translation Service.INTERNAL FORMAT FILE DOCUMENTS BUSINESS APPLICATIONS DOCUMENTS INTERNAL FORMAT FILEAPPLICATION SERVICETranslation Service: ? Converts outgoing documents from an internal format file to an agreed external format. ? Translates incoming documents from an external format to the EDI internal format file. INTERNALTRANSMISSION FORMAT FILE FILE INTERNAL TRANSMISSION FORMAT FILE FILEC = CONVERTER. T =TRANSLATOR. TFB =TRANSMISSION FILE BUILDER. TFS =TRANSMISSION FILE SPLITTER. CONCLUSION: By eliminating the paperbased documents the EDI was introduced. It is the new technology that overcomes the traditional paperbased documents. By using EDI we can transmit the data at electron speed. So it is a time sparing process and also low cost as compared with telephone system. Even though there are more advantages with EDI there are some disadvantages also. To f eed the data into computer, work is compulsory. By comparing with computer speed human speed is a bottleneck.And also errors may occur at the time of data feeding. These errors can change the managerial decisions. Another problem if we want send more data urgently, first we feed it into computer and then send it to the destination. To feed more data requires more time. Even though the telephone cost is very high as compared to EDI process, we must use telephone facility in these cases. So in these cased we can't use EDI system. ———————– FILE SERVER CALLABLE ROUTINES MANAGEMENT INTERFACE FILE SERVER C TFB T TFS MANAGEMENT INTERFACE