Critically evaluate positivism's contribution to our understanding of Essay

Critically evaluate positivisms contribution to our understanding of the causes of criminal behaviour - Essay physical exertionPositivists use scientific techniques to explain about events and behaviours of people (Scott, 2008). The theory was critical in explaining human behaviour, specially criminal tendencies. Comte focused on criminal behaviour rather than the legal system he was fire in ways of preventing criminal behaviour. Positivism in criminology was associated with positivists, such as Cesare Lombrosso, recognized as the father of modern criminology. He used physiognomy theories, and was influenced by Charles Darwin (Tibbetts, 2012).Positivism was one of the many schools of thoughts that arose in the 18th century in order to explain about criminology. The other schools are the classical and the scratch school. These different principles of thoughts were based on different paradigms. Unlike the positivism, classical theory believed that people had the free exit to choos e whatever they wanted to do. There are various assumptions made in the positivism theory. conjuration Mill in the naturalism theory said that social sciences should have the same mental synthesis as natural sciences. Natural sciences such as chemistry and physics cannot be compared with social sciences such as sociology and psychology. However, Mill insisted that all are sciences, and to obtain objectivity in the social sciences they should use the same structure as that of the sciences.another(prenominal) principle of positivism is the unity of science. It said that all theories should be summarized into one theory. Another principle by Carl Hempel and Mill is about explanations, regularities and law. It said that the law should use scientific explanations in their work. causation is a part of the positivistic theory. It was developed by Hume however, it has been criticized for putting a lot of attention on the causation regularities than the real causation mechanisms themselve s. The causation principle tries to show the relationship between

CZ56 Critical Evaluation of Current Integrated Marketing Essay

CZ56 Critical paygrade of Current Integrated Marketing Communications Practice - Essay ExampleFirst and foremost, most railcar manufacturers drop been compel to adopt a whole marketing picture. Basically, this implies that the market is not a fantastic unit and the various entities within it have to be given attention to (Aaker, 1997). Secondly, the car manufacturing companies have been forced to re-align their chats and approach things from a consumer viewpoint. This has enabled car manufacturing companies to respond to the various demands of prospective customers (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 2002)Integrated marketing communication has make it possible for automobile companies to achieve different goals at the same time. This in turn enhances their rest in terms of credibility, positioning, network creation, and creating trust among the various prospective clients (Benkler, 2006). This form of communication has also made it possible for companies to conduct corporate social responsib ility efficiently. It is also worth noting that innovative marketing strategies have been necessitated by changes in consumer trends. Most clients today are smarter and more sophisticated. These attributes also implies that they are hard to entrance (Barwise & Meehan, 2010). Most prospective clients today demand commodities, which are custom made and increasingly adaptable. Thus, there is a need for maximum differentiation that will appeal to the varying needs of various consumers.Understanding a fool market is important for any business entity. Failing to properly comprehend a target market can put a huge dent on the prospects of any given social club (Castells, 1996). During the pre-launch of the Fiat 500 car, the company did an analysis of the market and realized that most of the potential consumers were relatively new and sophisticated. Thus, the marketing strategy was informed by this demographic of people. The strategy that was adopted by the

Accrual Accounting Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Accrual Accounting Systems - Essay ExampleProject subject res publica and Angle description - Small to medium enterprises are major components of developed economies as they constitute 99% of the total number of business operations in these countries. Given the space that SMEs occupying within developed economies and their impressiveness therein studying the methods by which these enterprises can utilise IT tools to maximise organisational efficiency and effectiveness, and enhance organisational performance, is extremely crucial. In direct relation to the aforementioned, accounting and organisational management scholars have determined that the right accounting parcel package can substantially contribute to organisational performance and the maximisation of efficiency and effectiveness (Hirst and Hopkins, 1998). Choosing the right accounting software is perceived to be one of the most challenging tasks that an entrepreneur faces in his professional career (Johnston 2003). This is in particular true for small scale business operations where owners often lack the resources and expertise beyond their meat activities to the point that other functions are overlooked. However, the selection process is problematic, as is the subsequent implementation process. Problem to be Solved and Worth Although, in this highly developed economy, there is hardly an SME which does not manage its accounts through and through the use of accounting software, few understand the imperatives of selecting the right package or the benefits of doing so.

Course project - Group G Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

short letter project - Group G - Essay ExampleIn this case, in making sure requirements atomic number 18 quite understood, there is need to find fall out the actual driving changes in the levels of staffing for the company. In coordinate to achieve this, one has to make sure he/she fully understands the avocation alongside its plans and strategies. Secondly, the company inevitably to find out the needs of the driving staffing. This encompasses establishing what actually creates or changes the companys staffing requirements, whether defined by the staffing levels or skill levels (Thomas 118). It is worth noting that, more often than not, the requirements of staffing are driven by business exercise changes, either services mix or product mix, the geographical expansion, service improvement, alongside similar component part as highlighted in chapter 5 of the staffing drivers. It also essential for the company to find out the constraints that regards staffing. Other than formati on the staffing drivers, the company needs to identify the limiting factors in regard to the staffing levels required. For instance, supposing the marketing forecasts products to increase sales by on average 20 percent for the following year, and the levels of sales drives the sales reps required. Looking at it at the first glance, one would conclude that the increase it would be appropriate to increase the number of sales reps. However, maxing out the manufacturing capacity, and making sure that the manufacturing capacity remains unchanged in the next year, there is low likelihood that there would be additional products produced. This happening would imply that there is no likelihood of sales increase since there would be no additional reps needed. Fourthly, in delimit the staffing levels, the company needs to begin defining changes in both positions and roles. Before attempting to define the staffing levels of staffing required, the managers should first establish the roles along side changes required in implementing business strategies and plans. In

How does this piece of literature reflect on modern life Essay - 1

How does this piece of literature reflect on advance(a) life - Essay ExampleThe play ends tragic anyy leaving the reader in a sedate mood. The piece is so captivating on the chronology of the events and at the same time very educative.Morally and pertinence of the story in modern life is so relevant and evident. Racism which are demonstrated at the beginning of the play when Othello is getting married to Desmoden is still biting us to date. The vice has not been eliminated moreover from the global community. Revenge which is never the best way to solve problems is used b Iago, against Othello for the fact that he did not appoint him as the second in command. As we can read through, the ending of all such happenings is not good at all, therefore, denouncing revenge as a way to solve problems. thither is a need to put a rationale place before attempting anything. The irrational decision and actions by Othello saw a whole bunch of people loses their lives.By entertaining the accusati ons from Iago, end to the solidifying of Iago call for to torture Othello and hence the tragedy at the end of the play. The conspiracy plotting effect, therefore, isnt the means used to achieve ones ends. That all leaves the both parties as losers, therefore, there is a need to stick to the moral obligation and detect the standards(Appignanesi, Osada, and

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Research Methods - canvass ExampleThe questions were prep atomic number 18d in such a manner that it can clearly depict whether changes are required in an organisation and whether the managers are well aware and responsive to those changes. It is observed that about 80 questionnaires were duly filled while the 20 questionnaires are not taken for the analysis within these 14 questionnaires were not dully filled and 6 were missing. Hence, 80/100 = 80% of the sample is considered for the analysis (Hair and Money, 2011 Gulati, 2009). doohickey sampling is employed in this case as the respondents are chosen because of proximity and accessibility. Here, the respondents are chosen randomly and the emails are sent along with the online link, where they will get the questionnaires. The questionnaires are sent to those managers and employees, who can be easily reached and does not have to go through an intermediary.Both descriptive and statistical analysis has been through with(p) for deter mining whether changes are encouraged in both the organizations. The analysis is divided into segments makeup 1 and Organization 2. 50 respondents were chosen from each organization.The figure states that the managers, who are aware of the term change management, have the exponent to identify the need for changes, which will improve the productivity Department of refinement and Information in Sharjah. However, a few(prenominal) of the employees have stated that managers have resisted the changes and have not cooperated with the expectations and suggestions of the employees. Through the interview the managers of Sharjah Department of Information and Culture has depicted that they are concerned with the productivity of the organisations and individuals and does not concentrate on rating the efforts of the employees as they do not receive any holiday except the Ramadan. Hence, if changes are needed for the betterment of the organisations, the managers are verifying about it (Hesse -Biber, 2010).According to the

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting Assignment - 1

F1 representative Studay answering some questions using some markiting methodology - Assignment ExampleAll Ferrari cars are rosy in colour representing Italys national colour. The factory at Maranello is a state of the art radix and is an up-to-date facility. Ferrari cars have always been low on displaying their sponsors logo and names. Being one of the oldest companies in the furrow Ferrari has had its share of ups and downs. The journey has not been a smooth one for Ferrari.New Zealander Bruce McLaren, who was a F1 driver himself, founded by McLaren in 1966. McLaren registered its first victory in 1968 but the true dominance of McLaren was in the late eighties and early 1990s. The domination was such that McLaren won 15 out of the 16 races in a course of study in the period.Williams was founded by Frank Williams and again Frank too was a driver. Williams lead the technological discipline in F1 that was triggered in the early 1990s. William dominated F1 from 1992 1994.1975 1 978 was a great time for Ferrari as it dominated F1. Ferrari bagged both(prenominal) drivers and constructors world championship in 1975 and followed it up with the constructors championship in 1976. The tragic accident of Lauda which kept him out from action for nearly 6 weeks was the reason that Ferrari could not get the drivers championship in 1976. Ferrari won both drivers and constructors championship in 1977, and the drivers championship in 1978.During this period Ferrari made few changes to its structure. Montezemolo was promoted to head the entire motorsport trading operations of Fiat, while Danielle Audetto was made Ferraris sporting Director. The strategy here was to replicate the success of Ferrari with Fiat. This strategy backfired as Audetto was not able to fill in the shoes of Montezemolo. He failed to develop a strong descent with the lead driver and the design team. This eventually led to Lauda moving out of Ferrari.Also during this time, Ferrari became complacen t and choose a short-termed focused strategy wherein it tried to develop their

International Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Business concern - Assignment ExampleThe following report talks ab disclose the McDonalds throne, its inceptions, values and international amplification. Then, the theories atomic number 18 applied and McDonalds strategies are analyzed in light of these theories. Later, the issues McDonalds faces as a corporation as it expands particularly in the developing countries are discussed, followed by specific examples of the challenges, from the past, the external environment has pose on the fast food chain.The McDonalds corporation, whose international division was established in the year 1969, instantly is the largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants in the world, and serves around 70 million customers on a daily basis in 118 countries. In the 1940 when the company began its operations in the United States under Richard and Maurice (Mac) McDonald, it was a barbeque restaurant. It wasnt untilm1948 that they decided to reorganize the business as a hamburger joint ground on the principles of production line. In 1954 when the milk-shake mixer sales man, Ray Kroc, saw an opportunity in this food market and joined the business as a certify agent in 1955. Ray Kroc negotiated the deal with the brothers and end up making a franchise deal that gave him the exclusive rights to franchise in the USA. Kroc offered a McDonalds franchise at a price of $950, and took home a service fee of 1.9% of sales. The McDonalds brothers eventually sold out for $2.7million in 1961.The corporations first international venture was in Canada in 1969. International expansion in McDonalds was accomplished through three different means 1) McDonalds and its foreign subsidiaries, 2) franchisees and 3) Affiliates. Franchising compete a major role at McDonalds. A major factor contributing to the rapid and winning international expansion for McDonalds has been the way its franchise system has operated. Over the years the corporation has stipulation immense importance to t he training and

Two Reports about Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Two Reports about Research - Essay ExampleThe objective of any research is pastime for the truth, not popular conceptions. In fact, the whole idea and sole objective of a research is to cluck the layers of myths and disintegrated notions scattered around about a particular subject and discover reality in the open-eyed of worked through well-researched content with due respect to selective information protection issue and other honourable practices.For a brief period, permit us go ahead with a key assumption that one is clean-handed to take up a research assignment, bearing in mind that there is no data protection concepts gnarly in the exercise and all laws related to data privacy is temporarily abolished. stop we identify the steps in the pyramid above where research activity will be accelerate or hindered due to that relaxation While the readers are allowed some time to contemplate on that possibility, let us dwell on other relevant sources and strategies to gather data and briefly understand the affect of data protection, right from the bottom level in the pyramid.While most researchers are aware of the lithesome difference between methods and methodologies, reliability and validity of information, appropriate analysis and evaluation of data, data protection and ethical practices, results and conclusion - it is the their responsibility to ensure that the broader objective is not diluted in the multiple steps involved in research nor there is any compromise in the entire cycle.A general sensation of data protection necessitys in all spheres of life - beyond Universities, Corporate, Financial Institutions or wheresoever - will not only lead a researcher to have a better mind about the hazards of not protecting data but also prepare him to value that aspect extracurricular the premises of the current project. Once a researcher learns to appreciate data protection principles beyond definition, human action and Law, implementing good practice will be just as important as the authenticity of the melodic theme generated, by the end of the research.Identifying Scope of Research/ ProblemQuoting an old proverb by Aristotle - Well begun is half(prenominal) done. It is potentially important to acknowledge, that to obtain desired and realistic results of a research assignment, there is a definite need to have a defined framework. This might not necessarily be a tested or proven approach, however considering the complexity and magnitude of a research, the initial framework to ram all steps in an innovative manner has to be efficiently designed. It is the design that determines the strength of an analysis. on that point is one thing the researcher needs to have prior to working on the design - A problem.While some researchers are very clear about their needs for information when working towards their thesis or study project, some are quite confused and require information on what studies, topics and document are available, on spe cific work in their particular zone of interest. They also might need advice on their proposal and an idea of how effective their findings would be. Some might even need an elaborate sermon on the overall framework and data sourcing. The

Free trade, international business and globalisation continue to Essay

Free business deal, inter demesneal business and globalisation continue to increase inexorabley if they are so beneficial to our world and - Essay ExampleFrom the point of view of international business, globalization is not a mere sale in the overseas, but an operation in the overseas. Producing companies or the runners of business decide to adduce in outside(prenominal) countries for making this operation successfully. By producing in the foreign countries, the companies obtain access to the favorite(a) inputs and to merchandises. The cheap inputs may be labor or raw materials like minerals or agricultural products. The applicable implications of the international business or globalization of business is free trade and argument. The overall interest of about of the global companies lies in free access to marketplace. Similarly, the companies support the reduction of investment barriers in the individual countries. The competition is brought by the companies into the market s where there exists a limited number of topical anesthetic makers. The competition may be with local producers or among these companies them selves (Stewadson, 1999). Positive Roles of International trade and business in the era of Globalization Free trade in the context of globalization attribute to i) the demand expansion and increasing returns to scale, ii) technological dynamism and investment, iii) specialty of production, technological advances and spill over, and above all to the iv) employment generation in a country, where the multi national countries produce or run the business. The goods and services which are produced locally have access to a larger market and the demand expansion effect of trade make the economy capable of overcoming the constraints of its local and domestic market size. The increasing returns to scale as a result of access to international markets can further pay back the benefit of operating at a higher output level. The manufactured goods propos e better prospects for trade earnings by allowing for a more rapid productivity growth and production expansion and as well offer the promise of greater price stability as volumes expand, thereby avoiding the declining terms of trade which hinders the gigantic run economic performance of many developing countries (UNCTAD 2002) Trade leads to acquisition of newly affordable goods that are necessary for technological dynamisms, poverty reduction and increasing economic development. Those goods would not available unless export or import occurs properly and even if they are available, those may not be for the scarce domestic resources. If the foreign earnings from exports are appropriately re-invested, competitiveness would be enhanced and this leads to expansion of exports and greater investment. Trade with suitable strategic support, incentives and guidance of the government can lead the economy to industrial diversification and other authoritative economic development. The expe rience of South Korea is very relevant in this context. Export earnings have been utilize to import the selective capital goods and technologies which led to the inception of new and outstanding industries (in which the country had any initial comparative advantage) which are internationally competitive (for eg., Steel and Ship Building). The trade theories indicate that a nation exports the commodities which are produ

CSR for business managers, stakeholders and society Research Paper

CSR for business managers, stakeholders and society - Research Paper Example and so it is the duty of the companies to work in accordance with the interests of the community and environment. However, only few companies are strictly notice CSR in practice, even though most of the companies agree with CSR in principle. This paper analyses the reputation of coca the skinny in terms of corporate social responsibility. Description of the company Operating in more than two hundred countries worldwide, the American company Coca cola is one among the largest soft drink manufacturers in the world at present. In May, 1886, Coca grass was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. Today, products of the Coca dumbbell Company are consumed at the rate of more than one billion drinks per day (Bellis). Even though PepsiCo is causing some serious challenges to Coca Cola in some part of the world, Coca Cola is able to maintain its superiority in most of the regions i n the world. Issue Identification According to Jeff Seabright, The Coca-Cola Companys ungodliness president of environment and water resources, sustainability begins with the simple act of paying attention. You cant manage what you cant measure(Making Sustainability the Real Thing). In other words, Coca Cola is well aware of the importance of concepts such as corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. However, the accusations against Coca Cola with respect to the violation of social responsibility are exploitation across the world. ... People from Kerala (Indias southernmost state) have recently conducted an agitation against the underwater exploitation by Coca Cola. Villagers abutting Plachimada, Kerala faced severe drinking water shortage because of Coca Colas uncontrolled underwater exploitation. Coca Cola forced to close down their plant at Plachimada because of the unexclusive agitation against them (EMJ). Significance of the Issue Drinking water shortage is one of the major problems facing by people all over the world. Because of injudicious farming activities and heavy industrialization, majority of the water resources such as rivers and streams were polluted in most parts of the world. As a result of that current generation is relying heavily on underwater resources for their drinking needs. Coca Cola like soft drink manufacturers is exploiting these resources and the people near the soft drink bottling plants are struggling to get enough drinking water from the nature. Stakeholder identification somewhat of the major stakeholders of Coca Cola Company are ordinary people, Coca Cola employees, shareholders in Coca Cola, regime and local bodies. On one side, Coca Cola is trying to make profit and bulwark the interests of the company management and the shareholders. On the other side, ordinary people lose their drinking water resources and the government and local bodies struggle to take proper actions. It should be noted that as part of free flip agreements, it is the duty of the government of India to prepare enough facilities to Coca Cola like companies. Moreover, Indian government is presently trying to attract foreign direct investment at any cost to stimulate scotch growth. The investments by Coca Cola would definitely help

Critically discuss the empirical evidence that there are sex Essay - 1

Critically discuss the empirical evidence that on that point are sex differences in intelligence - Essay ExampleRather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings staining on, making sense of things, or figuring out what to do. (p.13)The complex factors that affect intelligence reserve fascinated researchers over the years, with the belief that gender plays a significant role in cognitive abilities. In an effort to settle controversies concerning gender and intelligence, empirical researches in the fields of psychology and learning have do attempts to identify how the two sexes perform in certain cognitive tasks. Based on the results of the standardized measures in cognitive batteries, increasing evidence from various studies confirm that mens surgery and womens functioning are in fact disparate. A study conducted by Jackson and Rushton (2005) investigated the sex differences in command mental ability. A Scholastic Assessment Test was given to 100,000 high school graduates where results showed that the male tests performed violate with an average IQ score of 3.63 higher(prenominal) than the females. This finding was consistent with some other factors across groups such as gender differences in general mental ability for participants from different socioeconomic levels and ethnic groups. Likewise, the British journal of Psychology published the findings of a study made by Lyn and Irwing (2005) on a big sample of university men and women. The controversial research that aroused public attention indicated that based on IQ, mens average scores were higher between 3.3 and 5.0 than women.While outcomes of these research studies have favored the male sample, results of other studies revealed that although both male and females vary on average in how competently they function on different skill tests, cognitive skills are actually equally distributed between them (Halpern, D.,Benbow, C., Geary, D., Gur, R., Hyde, J., and Gern sbacher,M., 2007). For instance, women are likely to achieve higher scores on specific verbal

Cultural Differences in Uncertainty Reduction Essay

Cultural Differences in incertitude Reduction - Essay ExampleThe basic difference between high context cultures and poor context iodins is that while high context cultures witness communication as a means for social bonding, low context cultures see it as a means for information transmission. As a result people while people from these varied ethnical backgrounds are faced with anxiety when dealing with antics, the manner in which they tackle the issue is rather different. Charles Bergers Uncertainty Reduction Theory deals with this concept of disbelief and focuses on how different aspects of communication can increase or accrue our uncertainty aim most othersUncertainty reducing is all about understanding a stranger and being able to predict and explain his/her behaviour in a given context. (Griffin, 2006)The first spark off of this paper focuses on Charles Bergers uncertainty reduction theory and how this theory is important to our understanding of communication between c ultures.The second part of the paper discusses the issue of cultural differences between societies and individuals. This section will describe the conglomerate characteristics of high and low context cultures and how they try to reduce uncertainty while dealing with strangers.Expanding on Bergers theory,. ... Expanding on Bergers theory,. William Gudykunst and his colleagues found out that all cultures seek to reduce anxiety and uncertainty in the initial stages of the relationship, yet they do so in different ways (Littlejohn & Foss, 2004). The difference can be explained by whether one is a member of a high-context culture or low-context culture.Central to the uncertainty reduction theory, which was originally explicate by Charles Berger, is the assumption that when strangers meet, their primary concern is one of uncertainty reduction or increasing predictability about the behavior of both themselves and others in the interaction (Wright, 2000). The original formulation of uncer tainty reduction theory in initial interactions posited seven axioms and 21 theorems which specify the interrelations among uncertainty, amount of communication, nonverbal affirmative expressiveness, information seeking, intimacy level of communication content, reciprocity, similarity, and liking (Gudykunst, 1985). The seven axioms that Berger uses to reinforce his theory are as verbal communication increases, the level of uncertainty decreases uncertainty causes increased levels of information seeking high levels of uncertainty result in low levels of self disclosure uncertainty causes increased levels of reciprocity similarities decreases uncertainty whereas dissimilarities increase uncertainty and high levels of uncertainty causes a decrease in liking whereas low levels of uncertainty increase liking (Wright, 2000).Charles Bergers Uncertainty reduction Theory focuses on how human communication can be used to gain knowledge and force understanding. (Griffin, 2006) . Uncertainty r eduction follws a three step pattern of developmental stages namely, entry personal and exit. At

Website Migration Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

weather vane position Migration Project - Term Paper ExampleThere are certain necessities that pass on to be implemented in order to build a Web Architecture. A proper squad should be selected which should consist of visual conventioners, writers and the technical staff that will help you in different phases of Web Development defining the electronic network architecture, quality content writing and lastly the modification of the visual design (Brinck, 2002). Since the web architecture is highly a visible medium in order to deliver your message, you should assimilate sure that all the people working in respective departments are spot on with negligible margin of error. Now, to make a website I will choose the IIS (Windows), Windows operating ashes in gang with Database MySql. The reason to select this combination is that the windows based technologies are found to read great support system and an outstanding customer service as compared to other open source alternatives. Furthermore, windows based technologies are registered and they have got legal licenses to public their web architecture whereas other sources need not to be registered and could be utilise by any false pretenses. It has been a common practice of transferring of the existing website as per desired. This is a metre consuming process. But in order to move the existing website with minimal down-time there are whatsoever very technical steps that have to be implemented to avoid down-time. ... To make your visitors visit the forward-looking server, change the database settings of your site so that the old server accesses the bleak sever. This is a very important step. In order to point the new server you should change the name servers and the DNS. Implementing this technique would definitely avoid the down-time. It would as well not matter whether the visitors see during the propagation of the DNS, the old server or the new server as both the servers update at the same database. In case of the redundancy of the site a back-up site should always be maintained in order to keep things moving according to regular schedule. As far as your back-up site is concerned, there are three principle components which should be kept on a lower floor consideration things you need so that the users view your website, the necessary tools that are required to maintain a website and new innovations and development on your website. There are five strategies that could be implemented to recover from a contingency Back-up Live Operations This refers to your hardware, network connectivity, operating system and scripts that is required to build a website. If you own your web servers then you should definitely plan for the back-up for any hardware failures and if your web servers are operated by a hosting company they definitely offer great back-ups which help you to recover with ease. Back-up Tools Tools are required to maintain and update your websites. This could shift tremendou sly with different kinds of sites as there could be different tools for different websites. As far as tools are concerned the back-up plan has to be made by your own since it is specific to your website and other transmission line activities. Back-up your future In order to do the future development of your website, one thing that is very

Events Management- Evaluate the current level of understanding of Essay

Events attention- Evaluate the current level of understanding of Events Impact and Events Stakeholder Management and how it integrates into the Events Management Process (EMP) - Essay ExampleOne example can be Thredbo Jazz feast which continues for three days. This company feast entertains citizenry with popular Australian jazz music, good food and wine. This festival boosters to bring extra revenue in the region (Thredbo Jazz Festival, n.d.). One example of an academic gist in Netherlands is the Holst Memorial Lecture held on 29 November 2012. It was organized by Philips Research and the Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. The social mathematical function of the event was to bring together scientists, research students and professionals from different institutions (Holst Memorial Lecture 2012, n.d.).In small towns, events and festivals help to develop the economy as major split up of local revenue is garnered from the employment and tourists that are part of such events. The Peter Anderson Arts Festival which was first started over 30 years ago has been a huge source of income for downtown Ocean Springs. This festival attracts 100,000 people annually in a community which has only over 18,000 residents (Carter & Zieren, 2012). Events can have social impacts on communities as they offer people outlets for variant activities. Events and festivals are reflections of the ideological values of the community and this helps in establishing the image of the local community. Through such events people of a community find opportunities to strengthen relationships with one another (Tassiopoulos & Johnson, 2009, pp.76-77). The environmental impacts of events can be some(prenominal) positive and negative. Events can create environmental awareness in the community. The transport and communication system gets improve as a result of events and this leads to urban transformation. But, events can also pollute the air and water by littering and carbon dioxide emissions from excessive travelling. Also, events use considerable resources like water and lights thus putting pressure on the local resources (Heitmann & David, 2010, p.187).The triple bottom line (TBL) which

Church History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

perform History - Essay ExampleMoreover, many of the religions followers were being converted to Finneys theological teachings.3 As Charles Finneys followers grew in numbers, so did the criticism he received from those who felt as if Finney was threading and invading their own territories.4As it has been menti bingled, Finneys lectures were broken down by his staunchest opponents. Every single detail of his teachings was analyzed to stop anything that they might be able to intake against him. The following discussion lead focus on Finneys thoughts and how these differed from the traditional teachings of the Church. Furthermore, the reactions of various groups and individuals to Charles Finneys lectures will likewise be included in the discussion. The primary objective in undertaking such analyses is to reveal the rationale behind the Finneys castigation.Finney asserts that the need for a revivification comes from the assumption that the church is in a, backslidden pronounce.5 Furthermore, Finney believes that a revival is the rise of the church from its backsliding. This should happen together with the conversion of sinners.6 Finney believes that revival is but merely the starting signal of the peoples new obedience to God. He furthers this by saying,A revival according to Finney is the renewal of the Ch... g from the backslidden state where members of the church were blind to the state of sinners.8 In this backslidden state, Christians do not see the reality of the truth engraft in the scriptures. Although it may seem as if they admit to such truth, and that, their conscience and judgment assent to it, the assent of Christians does not see such truth as it stands out in reality.9 Furthermore, Finney believes that, A revival breaks the provide of the world and of sin over Christians. It brings them to such a vantage ground that they get a odorous impulse towards heaven. They have a foretaste of heaven, and new desire after union with God and the tr ance of the world is broken, and the power of sin overcome. 10In all of Finneys thoughts regarding revival, one element stands out. Finneys concept of revival is not one that is a give from heaven. Finney did not believe that a revival is a return of a miracle and that the church needs not to do anything but accept such gift from God. This is what one may deduce from Finneys statements on the origin of a revival, A revival is not a miracle, nor drug-addicted on a miracle, in any sense. It is a purely philosophical result of the right use of the constituted means.11 This statement clearly explains Finneys concept of a revival. For Finney, the revival is the product of human effort.12 He believes that Christians have the capability to initiate a revival. Miller states Finneys view of spiritual reformation was that of a self-reformation rather than a divine reformation.13 He did not believe that a miracle or a gift from God is needed in order for any miracle to begin. Finneys view o f revival was pragmatic just as his view of the universe was. According to Horton,The American pragmatic impulse that produced both Finney and

The war at sea Essay Example for Free

The struggle at sea EssayDespite this fact they were precisely a side deliver to the westbound nominal head. Aeroplanes were significant to the struggle trend as they brought glamour and gave cvillians and soldiers on the Western anterior hope as well as heros to believe in. This boosted the morale of the nation and helped the war at sea, on the home Front and on the Western Front. The home(a) Front The war of 1914-1918 was the initiative war thathad an impact on everyone. No longer did a war involve sopldiers or manpower in the armed forces alone. Helpless civilians were also affected.The first world War touched everyone at some handstion through come on its duration, and people who lived in cities were the victims of bombardardments by enemy planes. The First World War was the fist condemnation that black egresss were introduced, this was so German planes would not know when they were opver a city. The alarm would sound and everyone would take c all over inth eir bomb shelters until a second alarm sounded to say it was safe to come out. When the war started Britain had solely a dinky professional army. The administration decided to invest a lot of money into advertsing aspects of the war fighting for ones area and trying to encour advance patriotsm.Posters and leaflets were p startered everywhere to promote and encourage recruitment to the armed forces. Propoganda was vital to fasten men signed up. The British press reinforced the political relations recruitment drive with tales of German atrocities such as the murder of babies and nurses and the raping of HELPLESS WOME. One of the closely popular stories of the era was that of German factories making soap from boil corpses. The campaign to enrol men was very succes honest and by 1916 over 2 million had enlisted. In 1916 the political science introduced rough drawing for men between the ages of 16 and 40 for the first time.This was due to numerous reasons the number of men volu nteering for the war was dropping, the lower classes were conscribing which was crippling the agricultural system whilst the upper classes did not volunteer. The war effort was only attracting certain people and it was felt by most that not all men were playing their break down. order of payment meant that everyone, from all walks of life, helped their country. Not everyone agreed with conscription, some members of parliament voted against it. Others did not go to war due to political or religious beliefs. They were called conscientious objectors or conchies.They had to appear in front of a tribunal to climb up that they had valid reasons. If not they were often put in prison where they were badly treated. whatsoever chonchies helped at the front as stretcher bearers these men had a life expectancy of about 3 days. In 1914 the organisation introduced DORA this stood for the defence of the Realem Act. This gave the presidential term a wide range of powers, some of which includ ed censership of what the publicfopund out about the wa and what enemy countries found out about the allies, thus ensuring no piece of information got into the wrong hands.The government was able to use any building as part of the war effort and to take over various industries including the coal industry, ensuring that business men did not profit from production. In 1915 the munitions crisis occurred due to the stalemate on the Western Front as armament and weapons were running out. Men had to train with wooden sticks as thither were insufficient rifles to equip each man. The bombardment of enemy trenches could not continue if on that point were no shells. Some soldiers were only allowed to use 3 rounds of shot per day. The situation was insureing dire for the government at this time.The day-by-day male put the national scandal into circulation and as a response a coalition government was formed so that all parties could work together. Lollyd George was made Minister of Munition s. One of the initial problems of the munitions crisis was that too many skilled young workers had gone to war in search of better pay. The government had to recall many of these men. Another key constituent of Llyod Georges plan was to introduce women to the work force. In 1915 100,000 women enlisted for work however only 5,000 of these got jobs. The unions were worried that when women took the jobs they would dilute the salary of the mens jobs.Llyod George distinctly ststed that women would earn the same amount as men and that their jobs would be complete when the war was over. Many women worked in the munitions factories and by 1915 the situation had im turn out and helped all fronts. It is recognised that without the tending of the women the war would probably been lost. As men left for war an increasing number of women went into the professions usually rule by men. Women went into all fields of work including ship, coal , steel, transport and agricultural (land girls) indust ries. However their made impactwas in the munitions factories.Here the women were in high risk jobs which affected some(prenominal) their skins and their lives. Toxic chemicals turned their skin color and they were often labelled canaries as a consequence. Women payed the ulimate price as many of the died of the cancer these toxic chemicals caused. In1917 women antiquated over 30 were given the right to vote. The war had helped the men of the country to realise that women were a part of a functioning Britain and that they to had a voice that mandatory to be heard. Asquith a former priminister, supported votes for women during the war although he had previously aposed this when in power.The attitude towards women and their role changed as a result of the war. Under DORA the government had the right to secure land and use it for farm production. In 1917 the government had a problem, there was a shortage of food. A quarter of British ships were being sunk by German U-boats in April and there was supposedly only six weeks of wheat left. As supplies ran low prices rose. Shops closed early as they ran out of food. Poorer families ravenous whilst the rich hoarded all of the food they could get their hands on. The government reacted in a regeneration of guidances.The earnings of industry workers rose and in May 1917 voluntary circumscribe was introduced. The Royal family led the way by stating that hey were reducing their ingestion of bread and such products by 25%. Posters were designed to encourage frugal consumption and in November the nine penny loaf was introduced. None of these measures were affective so in 1918 compulsary rationing was introduced for bread, sugar, meat, hardlyter and beer. Each fam,ily was given a ration which was stamped when anything was bought. There were heavy fines for those whgo seek to break the rules.ration was welcomed by most and point improved the health of poorer people by the ne dof the war. The Defence of the landed est ate Act also controlled the wises that flowed in and out of Britain. The british press was heavly censored and even the set up of Commons was not always kept informed of the goings on at the Western Front. Journalists were banned from change of location with the troops in case stories were leaked to the British public, thus maintaining morale amongst civilians. In 1916 the british government had to flood out one of its greatest challenges, the filming of the battle of the Sommme.The battle had raged on and many lives had been lost for only a few square miles of land. The film sold out in cinemas all over the country. The footage was unique and showed death soldiers, and men going over the top. The nation appreciated the tone of the film and although people were shocked they appreciated the films realism. The film was a huge success and saluted as a great piece of cinematography. For the government it achieved its prepare by showing the public that despite the absurd and horren dous number of casualties, the war was a creditable cause.Propaganda was used to keep up morale as well as uniting all against the enemy. The floor Front was as important and as vital as the other fronts. It supplied the troops with munitions and the patriotism to incite those at home that their sacrifice was for a deserving cause. This would not have continued without the propoganda and the governments policy of protect the public from hearing recents that would destroy their trust. The pedestal Front was succesfull due to the efforts of many women who were able to show the men in power that they were as total as them.On a political the Home Front gave women confidence and a certain amount of admiration from the countries men. The war wopuld not have been win without this and was beneficial to the success of the Allies, but it also needed the help of the other three fronts to succeed. Western Front When the war was first decl gentle winded in 1914 it was expected to be over by Christmas. The public thought that it wopuld seethe around gallant young men on horse back charging against the Germans and thus winning a lightning victory. They could not have been more wrong.As sson as war was declared the Germans put the Schlieffen Plan into operation. Their steer was to secure victory over France within six weeks and then turn their attention to Russia in the East. All would have gone according to plan if Belgium had not put up such luxurious resistance against Germany and delayed them. The German commander Moltke had also to send a 100,000 troops towards Russia who had mobalised more pronto than anticipated. The Germans were heading towards Paris but were held up quite dramatically by the British troops even though they outnumbered the British.The French launched a direct and grand ardor on Germany but were halted by mold gun fire. The Germans gathered their troops and headed towards Paris. However the German troops advance too quickly and ran out of supplies, the German soldiers were also exhausted. The Allied troops desperately tried to save Paris without France, Britains chief Ally, the war would be over. The Germans decided not to advance on Paris and instead chose to go around and attack the French from behind. The French stopped the German advance on the river Marne but were unable to force them to retreat.By the 8th of September each side had dug in to protect themselves, using barbed wire, snipers and forge guns as a means of defence. These were the first signs of stalemate. This stalemate lasted until 1918 with millionsof lives lost and no land gained. The trenches stretched fro the sea in the North too the Alps in the South. The Germans launched several attacks on various Forts in battle of Verdun and both sides resourced the battle. By 1916 700,000 men had been killed and then French were close to collapsing. To help the French the british led by Hague launched their offensive at the Somme, after a week of bombardmen t the British advanced.There were 57,000 casualties on the first day and by November 1. 5 million men had died. The atrocities of the battles of Verdun and the Somme were something the politicians and the public were unprepared for. Military leaders was criticised and Hague became known as a bad commander a butcher who knew nothing about unexampled warfare. Hague was used to the old style of war and was not prepared dor the way things were in the new age of technology. At these battles new technology and tactics, like the introduction of tanks and creeping ambush, set a presedant for future wars.The Battles of Verdun and the Somme have sinced been recognised as a turning point in the war although at the time they were thought of as a complete disaster. In 1917 the Americans joined the war after the Germans declared nonsensitive warfare on American ships suspected of carrying armaments for the Allies, although America maintained neutrality. The Germans accused the USA of having doub le standards. When the Germans tried to ally with mexico it was the last straw and America declared war on Germany on the 1st April 1917. Although this was good news the Americans did not arrive immediately in force and the French continued to struggle.Top accommodate matters worse the Russians had made peace with the Germans in 1917 as a result of the Russian Revolution and the new communist regime. This was bad news for the Allies. It meant that Germany could now mobalise hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern to the Western Front. The German force change magnitude as their army was no longer spread across Europe. A final attack was mean under the command of Lundenhoff. However the power of Germanys army had diminished as they were weak and tired. The troops were starved and their whole final offensive failed largely due to the malnurishment of the troops.Although the Germans had ended the stalemat it was the Allies who benefited. The Americans were sending troops at a rate of 50,000 men per month. The troop swere assisted by technologically advanced tanks, aeroplanes and improved artillery. In 1918 the Allied counter attack along the Western Front had reached the Hindenburg line and by October the Germans were in full retreat. When the November Armistice came into effect the Great War was finally over. The Western Front was considered the most important by some. The public views of The Western Front was far from reality.Letters from soldiers fighting on the front were censored and changed so that the encounter of the heroic battles the Allies were fighting were not destroyed by the truth. It was feared that if the truth were known it would result in havoc amongst the Allied Nations. Civillians new nothing about the terrible conditions of the trenches and propaganda made the war look muchmore glamerous than it really was News papers painted victorious pictures of trench war fare and the public new no better as this was the first technically adv anced war ever.The film of The Battle of the Somme, changed that image and people became more aware of the tragedy of loss. Recruitment numbers reduced during the war which was why conscription was introduced. Each of the fronts played an important part in winning the war. The public viewed the Western Front as the only War Front as this was where most of the soldiers were sent, although others were sent to Gallipoli, The Balkans and the middle East. The Western Front had the most casualties which is why it will always be perceived as the most important.The war in the air was vital for surveillance, advancements in aviation and morale boosting. It gave the public something they could understand and belive in. The war at sea proved to be a turning point for the Allies. The Allies starved the Germans into surrendering, thus weakening them and rendering their last offensive unsuccesfull. The war at sea brought the Americans into the picture at a time when the Allies needed reinforcemen t. The Americans brought with them artillery, equipment and strong healthy men at a time when they were most needed.The war at sea also supplied the troops on various fronts with food and ammunitions so that they were as strong as component would permit. The Home Front was the provider of men for enlistment, was the center for propaganda and made ammunitions and artillery to be used by the troops. DORA was introduced as part of the Home Front offensive to protect civilians and information, and brought women into action replacing the men who were away. The Home Front also provided nurses and kept the nation at Home running smoothly so that the men could return to an organised country at the end of the war.The Western front was where the fighting took place where thousands of men died and where some of the most heroic and dangerous battles ever took place. The men on the Western Front clearly had the hardest task with variable weather conditions and the dreaded over the top manoeuvre . It was also the most traumatic but it would not have succeded without the help and combination of the other three fronts. The Allied victory was due to an imalgamatoion of effort from all the fronts.

Ap Language and Composition Synthesis Essay Example for Free

Ap Language and Composition Synthesis EssaySociety teaches the morally incorrect and socially impossible aspects of massacre. George Orwells Shooting and Elephant and Foster the Peoples Pumped up Kicks address the contrary, the instances in which society leads one to murder. Orwells switch from first to second person within He wears a mask, and his suit grows to fit it reveals the distance that the murderer puts between himself and his action creating a sense of personal distain the same sense of detachment is evoked through Foster the Peoples dreamily synthesized lyrics. The short clauses without conjunctions In an instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there increases the step just as the murderous act occurs intensifies the guilt suddenly felt. On the contrary, as the chorus begins in Pumped up Kicks the music picks up pace with a lighter music layered oer the heavy down beat evokes a sense of relief that that the murder will bri ng afterwards society drove the murderer insane. Both Orwell and Foster the People address varying situations in which murder must occur through their written and melodic choices.Part 2Jonathan Swifts A broken Proposal and George Orwell Shooting an Elephant offer a satirical view of British Imperialism. Orwell openly mocks the British authorisation of Burma through I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British which ironically reveals the disapproval of the governing embody even by those that it employs. Swifts absurd suggestion that a young healthy electric razor well nursed at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food for thought casts light upon the horrible intervention the Irish receive from the British while the radical suggestion parallels the across-the-board poverty Ireland experienced.Likewise, the thought of shooting an elephant develops a ridiculous idea about allowing death the awkwardly big(p) size of an elephant cri ticizes the outrageous living conditions within Burma. Orwell describes the elephant as He took not the slightest notice of the crowds approach which symbolizes the blind eye the British turned to the people of Burma. Similarly, Swift justifies babies as being veracious food for landlords because they have already devoured most of the parents relating the wealthy to cannibals because of their lack of humanity toward the poor.However, Orwell directly develops empathy toward the natives of Burma stating It was perfectly croak what I ought to do relating to shooting the elephant to please the people and gain acceptance. Swifts constant irony does not pity the poor, but it criticizes the British for allowing their way of life. Orwells narrative and Swifts sardonic essay critique the British governments inability to uphold moral laws and just treatment for all people.

Types of Literature Essay Example for Free

Types of Literature Essay1) novella A novella is the name given to a work that is longer than a short tarradiddle, solely too brief to be listed as a novel. Typically, most novellas can range from anywhere in the midst of 50 to 100 pages, though space can vary. Some literary critics characterize the maximum length of a novella to be 100,000 words. Today, the novella is rarely sold as an individual work. More frequently, several(prenominal) novellas are compiled into one book, or a novella will be grouped with a outlet of short stories by the same author. (Ex. John W. Campbells Who goes there? ) 2) Novel A novel is a fictional piece of prose usually written in a narrative style. Novels tell stories, which are typically defined as a series of events described in a sequence. The novel has been a subroutine of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are just aboutwhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has travel to prominence and remained on e of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing.(Ex.Moby Dick by Herman Melville) 3) verse art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts. (Ex. How to smorgasbord a frog into a Prince by Anna Denise) 4) Drama is a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and nimbus designed to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. This definition may be applied to motion picture drama as well as to the traditional stage. (Ex. Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare) 5) rook Story are written works that are usually fiction.They are sometimes known as micro fiction or flash fiction, and they are exceptionally short pieces that tell a story in a brief amount of space and time. Most short short stories are shorter than 1500 words, and some are even as short as 500 words. It is exceptionally difficult to tell a complete story in such a short amount of space, so these types of stories can be quite a challenge for writers. Literary magazines and other websites or print publications will often print such stories to fill a small amount of space at press time. (Ex. The Clever Fox)

Haptic Technology - Feeling the Future Essay Example for Free

Haptic Technology Feeling the Future EssayWhat is haptic engineering? Its the technology relating to or based on the sense of touch. We see it every day with our touch screen phones. It is mandatory to interact with your phone, computer, lineboard, mouse, car, gaming system and to a greater extent It goat also be used in medicine, robotics, art, design, electronics, toys, and more Where is the technology mite to go? What is haptic feedback? What is haptic feedback? Haptic feedback the shake of your gaming consoles remote, the vibration of your phone, clicking of the keyboard and mouse. the fundamental interaction of touch and response (Figure 1).How does this correlate with human entrepot? Memory has several categories. in that location is long-term memory, short-term and sensory memory. Each one plays an important part of over exclusively memory. They all join in the wreak of memorization, and can be seen as three necessary steps in organizeing a lasting memory (Masti n, 2012). Haptic technology uses sensory memory. What is sensory memory? According to Mastin, sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have demiseed.It acts as a kind of buffer for stimuli received through the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch (Mastin, 2012). Touch is the key war cry in haptic technology. How will this technology change the way we interact with computer? The interactions of computer and domain atomic number 18 known as human-computer-interface (HCI). human race-computer-interface (HCI) educateers and engineers goals are to improve the users overall experience. This can be accomplished by creating a lasting memory for the end user and a good feeling of using the technology known as haptic technology.What is HCI? HCI is the study on how to better improve the interaction between human and computers. For example Human Machine Symbiosis Labor atory Department of Biomedical information processing Arizona state of matter University conducted a study on the Psychology of Haptics, Haptic User Interfaces and Human doubt Analysis. Their main goal for the haptic user interface study is to design effective and efficient interfaces in psychology of haptics study they pore on the role of haptic modality in formation and computer storage of memory and categorization and in the human inquiry study they concentrated on gesture analysis.Human computer interaction (HCI) has emerged as a focal area of both computer science look and development, and of applied social, behavioral and psychological research (Kahol, 2010). The research team in Arizona State University focused on memory and categorization controlled experiments using mechanisms of haptic memory and categorization. They also explored whether individuals who were blind and sighted can abstract a haptic prototype from a study set the nature of haptic berth through mult idimensional scaling and haptics in early detection of Alzheimers disease (AD).The Arizona State University research team are concerned with design, development and testing of tactile and force feedback devices and its associated software(s). These devices have widespread applications such as surgical simulations, medical and procedural training, scientific visualizations, assistive and rehabilitative devices for individuals who have bodily or neurological disorders and assistive devices for individuals who are blind (Kathol, 2010). The human motion research field is manoeuver towards understanding human motion through gesture analysis.The research team from Arizona State University has demonstrable novel gesture segmentation and gesture recognition tools for understanding and modeling human motion. They plan to develop scalable gesture segmentation and gesture recognition tools. They plan to apply the models to generic human motion as well as specialized human motion as in danc e and in various scenarios such as surveillance, human computer interfaces and 3D Dance motion. Once these devices are implemented, they must remain consistent. Why you ask?Image a medical procedural being done on you. The doctor is located in different part of the world and is using new technology which allows him to sour remotely, but wait. The controls he is using are not consistent with the standard controls accepted in the USA. get out you risk your life on this doctors questionable HCI? I know I wouldnt. Designing the right HCI is key to any successful death penalty of new technology. What are some design factors to consider in the implementation of HCI and where does the future of HCI feel to go?Figure 2 User-Centric Design (SAP, 2013) One possible design process we can use is UCD. What is is UCD? User-centered design (UCD) is a design methodology and process that focuses on the take ins of end users, limitations of end users, preferences of end users, and business obje ctives (USABILITY, 2013). The UCD has several components plan, research, design, adapt, and taproom (Figure 2). Plan In the Plan configuration, the team determines all of the UCD activities and ensures that the necessary resources are available.Research Before you can design a product, it is imperative that you have a clear understanding of the users goals and tasks, the market needs, and related work. Design In the design phase, you define your system from the users perspective. Initially, this phase takes the form of use cases and an object action model, which describes the tasks that the system will support. From these tasks you create UI designs, beginning with rough sketches and finis with detailed UI design specifications. Adapt The adapt phase acknowledges that even the best conceived designs often need to be adapted when development begins coding.This adaptation can occur as a result of unforeseen limitations in the target technology, new requirements, or missing func tionality in the initial design. Measure When the product is released, it is possible to measure its usability quantitatively. These tests measure a products effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction (SAP, 2013) HCI FUTURE Microsoft researchers wrote Being Human Human Computer Interaction in the Year 2020. In the paper they state HCI needs to extend its methods and approaches so as to focus more clearly on human values.This will require a more sensitive view close to the role, function and consequences of design, just as it will force HCI to be more inventive. HCI will need to form new partnerships with other disciplines, too, and for this to happen HCI practitioners will need to be sympathetic to the tools and techniques of other trades. Finally, HCI will need to re-examine and reflect on its basic terms and concepts. Outdated notions of the user, the computer and interaction are hardly sufficient to encompass all that HCI will need to attend to (Microsoft, 2008).

The Right Stuff by Tom Wolfe Essay Example for Free

The Right Stuff by Tom Wolfe EssayTom Wolfes obligate, The Right Stuff, is or so the lives of some(prenominal) pilots and astronauts who were involved in tests and experiments conducted by the United States after the Cold War. These experiments were in line with the space race between the United States and the so Union of Soviet Socialists Republic.These pilots were subjected to several experiments using experimental high speed aircrafts which ar on the whole move up powered. Because of the complexity of the program, the pilots were tested and screened, and not all would pass these tests. The extensive nature of the research led to several effects on the pilots, their lives, and their families. In order to be chosen, or even to be just a part of the project, all of these state should possess one important aspect, which is k right awayn by many as the right stuff. Because of tough competition with the USSR, the United States chose only the best of the best for their exper imental projects handle the Project Mercury. Many people tried out for several experiments, but eventually, some of them would restrain to go home, as some would be subject to continue with the experiments. It is a very extensive project, as hygienic has a very demanding endeavor. There are a lot of requirements, and if the people involved fail to arrive at one of these requirements, they will more or less be out of the project. As Tom Wolfe puts it, the people who can only continue would be those who possess the right stuff (Wolfe). Tom Wolfes book defines the right stuff as having all the requirements and passing all the necessary tests in order to be a pilot or a spaceman. But that is not all the right stuff would in like manner have to include a strong heart, perseverance, and courage. It is through the mixture of all these trains that one would be able to attain the right stuff that the project calls for. One important aspect of the right stuff is about bravery. Being in the project, one must be brave in order to remain there. It is now just man vs. other man in competing for a spot in the project, but to a fault man vs. himself. He is responsible to his actions as well as his decisions, which is why he needs to be firm enough not to be swayed away by his fears. Also, it is not bravery wherein you just have to risk your life, as anyone could easily do that. Instead, he should be willing to be literally a lab rat, wherein anything can happen to him. Afterwards, he should be able to keep his cool, as well as retain his reflexes and the experience in order to do it again for the coterminous day, then again the next day, until the research calls for it to stop. There were various tests that these pilots and astronauts would have to undergo over and over again an infinite baffle of mind and body exhausting activities that would really put anyone to their limits. The whole process is compared to a stepped pyramid or a ziggurat, wherein one has to move along the high and instill steps in order to go up.Through this way, that person can prove that as he goes up, he really does deserve to be one of those who were elected to do the job, because they were the right ones and because they had the right stuff to begin with. Everyone aims for the top, no matter how steep it is, though everyone gets only one chance to prove that they really have the right stuff. It was something that not all man can do, and the ones who do it are really the best. Tom Wolfe defines the right stuff as the pass completion of every skill and every talent that a person has, provided that he passes every test that was develop for him in order to qualify for the experiment. It is not pure brawns, or pure brains, but instead, it offers the best of everything. raft possessing the right stuff really have to be good at many things, especially those which are greatly needed in the experiment.Works CitedWolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1979.

Blockbusters and Star Wars Essay Example for Free

Blockbusters and esthesis Wars EssayIf integrity views the top grossing videos of both time, it set outs easy to see t get into to the highest degree of the films rely heavily on computer generated images, whether to conjure live action or the animation of popular animated skylarks. Many cinematic experts cite the incident that blockbusters in the last 30 years have relied increasingly on special(prenominal) effects to the intend that they overshadow the maculation of ground, which in essence becomes superfluous. However, this is hardly the case, and most blockbuster films feature maculationlines and ideologies that date back to the early days of cinema when special effects were scarce. One of the most popular film franchises in hi narration, Star Wars contains not solitary(prenominal) special effects that helped change movie making, but it too features a plot with many of the same divisions as classic western films, including the ideological battle of good v ersus aversion, the wild frontier, and prototypic characters. In the first few years of its existence, cinema was nothing more than a novelty that have little artistic value.The idea of moving images was more than enough to attract audiences, though bid on the whole novelties, the public would soon grow weary of the invention without the efforts of men like Edwin S. Porter. Undoubtedly, Porter can be said to be the creator of the first blockbuster in movie history, with 1903s The Great school Robbery. The film advanced filmmaking in many regards, as not only the first western, but alike by incorporating action, violence, frontier humor, color, special effects, and a full-screen closeup of a bandit firing his pistol at the audience. temporary hookup a short film featuring only one reel of action, it soon led to the proliferation of the nickelodeon as the most popular and commercially successful film of the pre-nickelodeon era, establishing the idea that film could be a commerc ially-viable medium. This actualization that films could make money would eventually become the driving force behind the Hollywood film attention, and the conventions of the western would serve as the perfect template for plots to the present day.When the Hollywood studio system emerged in the 1910s and 1920s, films were produced more in the way of automobiles, with an assembly line mentality and factory-based production operations that allowed the studios to dominate the movie industry in the U. S. and abroad. The impact of the western formula on the success of film was apparent and by the mid-1920s, or so half of Universal Studios annual output of feature films was westerns.After remaining the most profitable genre of film for decades, by the 1960s the western had peaked both as a viable Hollywood commodity and as a national myth to ease Americas rural-urban transformation, in break dance brought low by a combination of market saturation and generic exhaustion. However, many o f its familiar conventions would muster up their way into the plots of some of the biggest blockbusters in history. Over seventy years after Porters blockbuster, George Lucas would as well change the face of cinema, relying on the basic plot techniques developed through the evolution of the western.Stars Wars is credited as ushering in not only the era of dominating special effects, but also remains one of the highest grossing blockbusters of all time, with a worldwide box office take of $797,000,000, not to mention another few billion from its subsequent sequels and prequels. While Star Wars contains amazing artistry in the scale and scope of its special effects, its plot still relies on the fair conventions of the western film, which are designed to be accessible to all audiences.Often considered the first blockbuster to star one of cinemas greatest icons, John Wayne, the film Stagecoach is an adult drama that had deep roots and moral lessons that helped make it a timeless clas sic, whose plot is about a group of strangers thrown together on a journey and put below stress so that the strengths and weaknesses of the character within them is revealed this same basic formula has been seen in blockbuster films like Apollo 13 and the biggest blockbuster in history, Titanic.While both of these later films are heavy with special effects, they feature these proven plot techniques, much like Star Wars. The first time viewers see the dauntless Luke Skywalker in Star Wars, it approximately looks like a characterization from a western. The classic desert landscape, the flat, expansive land and the big sky are all classic icons of the western genre. It is this vastness that is a depict characteristic in Star Wars and westerns. Specific settings for westerns include lonely isolated forts, the isolated homestead, the jail, or excellent frontier towns that are forming at the edges of civilization.Luke, much like the young heroes of westerns, yearns only to get off the spring up and lead a life of greater excitement. It is only when the Empire storms through and kills his family is he forced to become a man and take on the execration forces conspired against him. Usually, the central plot of the western film is the classic, simple goal of maintaining law and order on the frontier in a fast-paced action story It is normally rooted in archetypal conflict good vs. bad, virtue vs. evil, white hat vs. fatal hatOften the hero of a western meets his opposite double, a mirror of his own evil side that he has to destroy (Dirks). For Luke, the good, his opposition is Darth Vader, the evil. This point is even illustrated by the color of the tog they wear, as Luke dresses in white and Vader is decked out in ominous inglorious. This element of good versus evil, or white hat versus black hat is a key to western films and make it easy for viewers to delineate amidst good characters and bad characters is traditionally easy in conventional western movie s.There is little incertitude as to who the good guys and bad guys are. And, this is even seen in Lukes sister, Leia, who begins the movie wearing an all-white dress. The white clothing of Luke and Leia link them through their apparent goodness, even though it is not revealed until later that they are brother and sister. The only character that is seen in both white and black is Han Solo, who wears a white shirt with a black vest. Unlike Luke and Leia, Han has elements of mischief and is also an outlaw.The white shirt signifies his goodness, while the black vest hints of his less than estimable qualitieshis greed, selfishness, and willingness to deal with shady characters. When Han is introduced into the movie, he kills an alien within the first few minutes. According to author Stephen D. Greydanus, this scene is typical of western films The saloon shootouts, of course, come from that other great American mythology, the Western. (So does Han Solos customary cowboy look and demean or.) By the 1970s, though, the Western no longer enjoyed the h antiquated on the popular imaginativeness it once had, though its influence has continued to be felt in films like Star Wars. With all the element of classic westerns, including cowboy-type characters, evil villains, and a plot filled with action, it would only seem appropriate that Star Wars also possessed a classic theme, as many popular westerns do. However, Hans goodness is finally know and he becomes one of the rebels greatest assets and is one of the movies best examples of a western fashion cowboy.While Star Wars could be considered a western set in space, it certainly possesses more elements and intricacies of plot than are given credit. While none of the conventions are new, they helped infuse the modern blockbuster with the spirit of old Hollywood, to very profitable results. A few true westerns have become blockbusters in the past thirty years, most notably Dances with Wolves, which grossed $424,200,000 world wide, and featured many of the same elements as Star Wars, including good versus evil, the encroaching omnipresent technological power, and the perseverant hero.Ironically, Dances With Wolves even won the Academy Award for best film, beating out the film Goodfellas, which in truth ended with an homage to Edwin S. Porters original western it featured one of the most smutty mobsters in the movie shooting his gun directly at the audience at the end of the film, almost exactly duplicating the ending of Porters film. This just goes to show that regardless of what genre todays Hollywood blockbusters fall under, the plot elements of the American western permeate most, from the simple battle of good versus evil to the ultimate victory enjoyed by the pure-hearted hero.Bibliography All-Time Worldwide Box office, Internet Movie Database, 2008, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//imdb. com/boxoffice/alltimegross? section=world-wide. Dirks, Tim, The Great Train Robbery (1903), The Greatest Films, 2 008, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. filmsite. org/grea. html. Dirks, Tim, Western Films, The Greatest Films, 2008, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. filmsite. org/westernfilms. html. Eyman, Scott and Gianetti, Louis, Flashback A brief write up of Film, New Jersey, Prentice Hall,1991. Greydanus, Steven D. , An American Mythology Why Star Wars Still Matters, Decent Films Guide, 2007, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. decentfilms. com/sections/articles/starwars. html. Levy, Emanuel, Oscar History Western GenreBest Picture, EmanuelLevy. com, 2008, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. emanuellevy. com/article. php? articleID=7193. Lucas, George. Star Wars. Hollywood, CA, Twentieth Century Fox, 1977.Schatz, Thomas, Cowboy Business, The New York Times, November 10, 2007, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. nytimes. com/2007/11/10/magazine/ 11schatz. html? _r=1ref=magazineoref=slogin. Schatz, Thomas, Studio System, Film Reference, 2007, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. filmreference. com/encyclopedia/Romantic-Comedy-Yugoslavia/Studio-System. html. Williamson, Ed, John Waynes First Blockbuster Movie, Epinions, 2002, retrieved 2 April 2008, http//www. epinions. com/content_75406675588.

Demographic of Essex County Essay Example for Free

Demographic of Essex County EssayEssex County is located in the North eastern part of sore jersey. The history of Essex county dates back to 1666 when 30 families from Connecticut established stopp progress along the banks of Passaic river. Essex County was offici some(prenominal)y established in 1682 by east jersey legislature. Essex County is 129.631 squargon miles. The Geopolitical communities be designed by natural or human made boundaries (Maurer and Smith, 2009). It holds alliance arcticr for the residents and the governing body. Essex County is bordered by human made boundaries. The weather of the conjunction fluctuates according to the seasons. The usual temperature throughout winter stays in spite of appearance 24 to 42 degrees Fahrenheit. In the summer, it hikes up, and ranges between at 68 to 85 Fahrenheit. Natural calamitys like flood, blizzards, snowstorms, heavy(p)(p) rains hurricanes, power outrage, water shortage common here. Essex county is the secon d most densely populated county in new jersey As of 2010 census population was 783969. The county is made up of 22 municipalities which ar widely several(a) encompassing blown-up inner-city communities.Essexs countys economic wealth is not distributed uniformly across all residents, with large urban aras that include a large number of poor and minority populations with 11.7% county families had income below the pauperism take aim. As of 2011, 10.8% residents were unemployed. Essex County is the first county in United States to create county wide park system. As of now 5,745 kingdom of green space which includes vast reservations developed parks 21 atomic number 53 of them. The residential district has big play courses and tennis courts In addition to this, in that location are seasonal residential district fairs and other lodge events that supply an occasion for community interaction. And in that location is provision for bike lanes. Fire department and policedepartme nt renders fine service. The intemperance disposal and pest control department maintains healthy and hygienic environment. thither are community parks, swimming pools, sports clubs, and legion(predicate) other establishments providing amenities to support the physical and lei veritable activities of the residents. The community has a big golf clubs. In addition to this, thither are seasonal community fairs and other community events that offer an occasion for community interaction.Interview with the Community health Nurse Melissa Garfield RN, BSN (telephone Interview) Conducted on 10/23/2014. Melissa works for Barnabas Health System at pre displace she is a clinical supervisor who in charge of approximately 100 employees which includes registered nurses, respiratory therapist, occupational and physical therapist. They work truly closely with the differentiate and they are Medi boot certified. What is your role in disease prevention, surveillance and health Promotion? What st eps are you winning to alert the community to educate them? The role of community health has changed greatly over the years. We play a truly valuable role in the community for prevention of disease and promotion of health. They patron in preventing disease by community teaching and help early detection of a problem. The greatest challenges we guinea pig has nothing to do with the season of the year, it is with hospitals discharging patients more quickly to shorten the length of stay and the acuity of the patients in the community are much higher which necessitates the clinicians that are more skilled than ever. As of now they set out to take care of patients with tracheostomy, peg tube feeding, long term chest tubes, nephrostomy tubes and ventilators and administer antibiotics.The job of the community health nurse is educate the family members how to take care of their loved one at home, and what to do when there is urgency there is always redundancy what to do when there is emergency. She gave the example of Hurricane sandy when they had to go yell homes of patients who were oxygen dependent, ventilator patients and patients with special electronic beds and make sure they had electricity and if not they had to be move to acute care center. For me that was the mostchallenging thing I faced in the community. This transcends any season. At the moment it is season change and we require to make sure our homebound citizens and senior citizens for wedgeting flu vaccines and get them ready for winter making sure they mode straddle access to heat and hot water. straightway we are also educating the community about Ebola. What ethnical groups do you deal with?Essex County is made up of precise diverse race and culture. There is no single dominant culture or race. We have African- American, White-Americans, Hispanic, and Asians. They visit all communities in the county they have escorts who are from the community who helps her when she goes home visiting. The only home they are not allowed to go is if they canvas anyone actively doing drugs, or drinking for safety reasons.What spiritual resources are available?The community health nurse has to respect every religion, culture and their way of life and traditions as long it doesnt cause any harm to the individual. Essex County has churches of every denomination, temples, synagogues and mosques which are easily accessible. What are the five biggest health issues pertaining to Essex County? What is organism done to educate the community for its prevention? Heart Disease including congestive heart disease.Cancer cuffSepticemiaDiabetesThere are non-health related issues like homicide, violent crimes deaths injuries and mortality orders related to this are high in the community. The community health nurses organize community teaching in churches, senior citizen homes and in adult day care center and churches where they teach about diet, exercise, compliance with medical specialty and tr ace up with the physicians. They also check blood pressure and sugars during thistime. Making sure people in the community follow healthy diet is challenge as this county has very high rate of fast food joints. ar you adequately funded? What would you like to see more funding for? We are insurance and Medicare dependent and if the patient doesnt have insurance then it is charity care. They organize fund raisers for cancer prevention. Every platform is important to the community but more funding is needed for preventive care which in turn pass on promote health. What are some of the preventive programs organized Barnabas health community services?The role of community health nurse involves educating the community in prevention of disease which in turn promotes health. Tobacco let go livingPreventing drug abuse and excessive alcohol useHealthy eatingInjury and madness innocuous livingReproductive and sexual healthMental and emotional considerably-being.They also have program ca lled whats in your bag where they collaborate with the pharmacist in the community check the prescription medications the patients are taking and make sure there is no duplications for example Norvasc and Amlodipine. They update the list of the medication they are taking which helps when they go to the doctors or hospital. They also assist in the community in graceful disposable of unused and expired medicine. The nurse also teaches how to store medications particularly narcotics. They also help in the immunizations of seniors especially flu and pneumonia and preschool children. The school nurse is in charge of making sure the school age kids are up-to-date with immunization. Are the health resources adequate in Essex County?She believes there are enough health providers there are many hospitals, emergent day care centers and nurse practitioners all are very easily accessible. The problem is not enough resourcesshe believes people not making use of these resources. There are many individuals with no insurance but they are never denied care. Essex County also has discount prescription taunt which gives 20% on prescription medication. What is the role of a community health in regarding to mental health? She is not specialized in this field but they do have separate division who takes care of these individual this team consists of behavioral health nurses and therapist. They do assess the patients if they need these services and refer them accordingly. Essex County has a big psychiatry hospital whose mission is to provide evidence-based care to promote patient recovery and issue to community. Diet and ExerciseObesity rates have doubled among children and tripled in adolescents and adults. Also our community has very high rate of fast food restaurant. The main of community health nurse is educating the community on healthy diet and the importance of exercise. Our community has lots of parks and open spaces, sports center which are well equipped but under used. There also community swimming pools. The community health nurses do not organize any activities in regarding to exercise, but the county has many much(prenominal) program which begin in spring with cherry blossom festival, they conduct marathons, bike riding competitions and hikes and camp outs during summer of which Barnabas health is a big sponsor.Are they any nutrition deficiency in the community? Does the community provide safe drinking water? Most common problem are Vitamin D deficiency. There are many communities which live below poverty and many are homeless. But there are many organizations which help them like soup kitchens, food stamps, meals on wheels for home bound citizens, churches and many communities. Schools provide subsidized rate or free in some cases breakfast and lunches to the children. Farmers markets and community garden where one can set about fresh vegetables and fruits in summer. Tap water is safe fordrinking which checked periodically and report of whi ch is sent to all residents. 11. What is the role of a Community health nurse in relation to environmental issues such as heat assistance, cooling stations, pest control, waste disposal, and common air contaminants? Essex County has an environmental nurse that follows the humane Health Hazard Ordinance.This ordinance is for dealing with health hazards that are occurring on the outside of the home and could potentially affect other members of the community. They work closely with town and municipality workers. They inspect the homes for rats or any insects bed bugs. They also observe how the garbage is being disposed. Overall the nurses job is to see if the resident is safe in their home. She also checks if the patient is oxygen dependent there is nobody in the house smoking, from individual perspective she also checks if they have working fire alarms. They check to see if they have provision for heat in winter. There is very good waste focusing system in the county. They have garb age and recycle bins in all everyday spaces. The environments hazardous waste and electronic waste is being collected by the county once in three months from the community or it can be taken to the disposable center by the resident. The community nurse plays no role in this.12. What considerate of sexuality programs are available e.g. growth and development, STD and AIDS education, contraception options. Is there sufficient access to kin control, support groups for pregnant women and new parents? What are the statistics for birth rates, abortion and miscarriage? Essex County works with Planned Parenthood, the maternalism crisis hot-line, the Family Resource Center and Early Head Start programs. There is disparity among child birth and immature pregnancy. Low and low birth weight among African-American babies born is higher than other racial/ ethnic group. Teen pregnancy is more in lower socio-economic groups.The school nurses provide sex education to the kids fromelementary. Th ere are many programs for maternal and child health. They support them and get necessary help needed in caring the baby and themselves. 13. How do you assist in disaster trouble planning? Are there other agencies you work with? Essex County nurses work with police, fire and EMS from all the cities and towns in the county. The nurses participate in disaster management drill a few times a year. Our other role in disaster management is to keep a list of personnel that may be needed to help when a disaster occurs. The list is reviewed and updated yearly. This list includes Long-term care facilitiesVeterinarianClinics and hospitalSchoolsChurchesSummer campsParish nursesHome care agencies urine and energy facilities such a Alliant Energy Power Station 14. What are the Cognitive/ perceptual level of the community? The Essex County is home to large ethnic/ racial group. The main diction is English but there is large number of residents about 20% of who dont speak English. The community nu rses use language line to communicate with the patient or somebody from the family who knows the language acts as the translator. Essex County is home to five public and five private colleges. There is a great push to change the education system and get the children back to school. The graduate rate is 64% for the county which is low comparing to other counties in the state. 15. What is the self-perception / self- concept in the community? Are the residents happy? I dont know how to answer that. You know we both live in the same county there is big disparities how the economic wealth is distributed. There are large urban areas with poor and minority population, and some below poverty level.The county is doing a lot to make sure allresidents have equal opportunities. Like in the library they have activities for senior citizens they also have activities for school age and preschoolers. They play a big role in summer reading program. The county also has free coaching in summer for spor ts activities like tennis and football. Each community in summer organizes icon night. There are equal opportunities for all. In certain communities in the county the violent crime rate and homicide rate is high compared to other counties in the state. There is also big problem with substance abuse. Due to which emergency room visits for substance abuse are high in the county. The families living in these areas face dangers which causes stress. billet and relationshipThe people of the community continue to maintain respectful and healthy relationships with neighbors. The children are cooperative with one another and maintain respect towards elders and higher authorities, such as teachers. Local residents aid the older residents, especially during snow storm. The local police and firefighters offer innumerable services for the community. We ended our interview by her locution there are many services available in the community which the residents are not awake of. They also need mo re skilled nursing staff as the acuity of patients in the community is high.ReferencesThe county of Essex New jersey. www. Essex-county nj.org Essex county quick facts from U S census bureau. Retrieved from quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states//34013.

General Theory of Relativity Essay Example for Free

General Theory of Relativity EssayThe humans consists of many fascinating endeavors. Unfortunately, some of which bearnot be known with just the naked eye. This is beca function it spatenot be seen from earthly concern, and otherwise expert advancements ar needed to fully determine its nature. This is overly the reason why several people make up acquired false notions of what those objects argon. One of those objects is the dark-skinned good deal. Science fiction films and and television shows scram dropn the public a different view of low-spirited holes (Lochner 2006), poles apart from what they re in ally argon. This research paper seeks to discuss the definition and characteristics of grisly holes.Before the characteristics of a obtuse hole can be discussed, it is first necessary to define what it is. An induction is in order. So what is glowering hole? accord to Lochner (2006), it is the evolutionary end point of huge stars (p. 2). on that point are stars which has sizes some(prenominal) bigger than that of the sunniness. In fact, some of them are at to the lowest degree 10 to 15 times as tummyive as the Sun (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). When a star of this size sustains a supernova explosion, it leaves nookie some stellar symmetricalness. Since in space there are no other forces to fight gravity, the residue allow for crumble unto itself.Lochner (2006) narrates, The star importually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density, creating what is known as a singularity (p. 2). level(p)tually, density go away increase the illuminance rays which is diffused by the star lead then be encircling the star. Any emitted photons are trapped into an orbit by the intense gravitative field they will never leave it (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). The moment the star reaches the point of no density, all the light is trapped. Hence, it is called the dim hole. The phrase bleak hole was coined by John Archibald Wheeler (Bunn, 199 5).Prior to that, the objects were called frozen stars (Bunn, 1995). Even in the time of Isaac Newton, the globe of objects as such has been thought of. Now it is more accurately explained use Einsteins General Theory of Relativity. This is a geometric theory of gravitation, which incorporates and extends the theory of special relativity to accelerated frames of reference work and introducing the principle that gravitational and inertial forces are equivalent (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). This theory then explains the possibility for such occurrences interchangeable bent light caused by kittyive objects and the very nature of black holes.Such theory enables the event wherein space and time become so warped that time practically stops in the locality of a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). Black holes are place to take away an estimated mass of 4-15 Suns. Since black holes are formed after the death of a star, or supernova explosions, these explosions in turn flip after-effects. T hese effects give way to roentgen ray binaries which is referred to as black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). Moreover, there exists galaxy-mass black holes. These massive black holes are usually placed in Active Galactic Nuclei, or AGN.AGN is a class of galaxies which spew massive amounts of energy from their centers, far more than ordinary galaxies (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). The black holes in call into question are tell to have a mass of 10-100 billion Suns (Lochner, 2006, p. 1), a testament to how massive they really are. The mass of one of these enormous black holes was recently determined by radio astronomy (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). The black hole has been portrayed by pop culture as one which sucks objects in Lochner (2006) refers to the black holes inaccurate depiction as a cosmic vacuum cleaner (p. 2). He notes, If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the selfsame(prenominal) mass, the earths orbit around the Sun would be unchanged Of course the Earths te mperature would change, and there would be no solar wind or solar magnetic storms affecting us (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). This is because a black hole can exert the same force on something far away from it as any other object of the same mass would (Lochner, 2006, p. 1). If in any instance, an object gets sucked into the hole, that very same object will perish through what is called Schwarzschild rundle (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). This is the radius r of the event horizon for a Schwarzschild black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). In the Schwarzschild radius, the escape speed and light speed is equal. therefore, in the instance that light passes through, the light would not be able to escape. Say for example, a black hole with the same mass as the Sun, takes its place. Then the radius will still be different. The Suns radius is estimated at 700,000 km, while the Schwarzschild radius is only 3km (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). This would entail that the Earth must be of closer proximity to get sucked in a black hole in the center of our solar system.From where we are it is impossible to see the black holes. How do we then determine their earthly concern? Since black holes are barely massive star remains, it would mean that they are of a subaltern size. Also, because all the light gets trapped into itself, it would be impossible to see. Nonetheless, there are instances wherein a black hole can make itself perceivable. According to Lochner (2006), if a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar social occasion, or is close to some other normal star, the black hole can accrete matter into itself.As the matter falls or is pulled towards the black hole, it gains kinetic energy, heats up and is squeezed by tidal forces. The heating ionizes the atoms and when the atoms reach a few million degrees Kelvin, they emit X-rays. The X-rays are sent off into space before the matter crosses the Schwarzschild radius and crashes into the singularity. Thus we can see this X-ray emissi on (p. 1). Thus, black holes are dependent on other stars to make its presence known. The very same X-rays are to a fault determinants of black hole candidates (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). It was said that a confrere star is a perfect source of infalling material for a black hole (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). Because the X-ray sources are binary, a binary system is also enforced. This system makes the computation of the black hole candidates mass possible. The moment the mass is calculated, it can be deduced whether the said candidate is a black hole or a nerve cell star. What is a neuron star? It is the imploded core of a massive star produced by a supernova explosion (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). Now these neuron stars are characterized by masses which are estimated to be 1.5 times more than the sun. Moreover, if there exists random variation of emitted X-rays, this is also a signifier of a black holes presence. Lochner (2006) states, The infalling matter that emits X-rays does not fall into the black hole at a steady rate, but rather more sporadically, which causes an observable variation in X-ray intensity(p. 2). In addition, if the X-ray source is in a binary system, the X-rays will be periodically cut off as the source is eclipsed by the companion star (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). All these characteristics are considered in identifying possible black hole candidates.For further identification, there are X-ray satellites which examines the skies for X-ray sources that may point out black hole candidates. For the longest time, there has been an identified black hole candidate in the name of genus genus Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). It is a highly variable and rough source with X-ray emission that flickers in hundredths of a second (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). When one exhibits such an irregularity, it becomes a black hole candidate. How? It is because it is impossible for an object to flicker faster than the time required for light to travel across the object (Lochner, 2006 , p.2). Lochner (2006) highlights this fact In a hundredth of a second, light travels 3000 kilometers. This is one fourth of Earths diam (p. 2) From this, it can be concluded that the region from which the x-rays surrounding Cygnus X-1 are derived, is relatively small. Now Cygnus X-1 has a companion star with the name HDE 226868. This companion star is a B0 supergiant with a surface temperature of nigh 31,000 K (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). Now observations found that the spectral lines of HDE 226868, which is the light given off at a specialised frequency by an atom or molecule (Lochner, 2006, p.2), had been changing within 5. 6 days. It was also said that the mass of HDE 226868 is estimated to be 30 times greater than the Suns mass. This would mean that Cygnus X-1may possess at least a mass of 7 solar masses. Why 7 solar masses? This is what is required to urinate the tremendous gravitational pull that would result in the fluctuation in the spectral lines of HDE 226868. Astronomer s thought that since 7 masses does not characterize a neuron star or a white dwarf, which is a star that has exhausted most or all of its nuclear fuel and has collapsed to a very small size, it must then be a black hole.However, this issue about Cygnus X-1being a black hole has also been surrounded by much skepticism. There is some speculation that the HDE 226868 may be likewise small for its spectral category, which in turn implies that Cygnus X-1is smaller than was previously declared. Moreover, uncertainty also shrouds the the mass calculations. It is because uncertainties in the distance to the binary system would also influence mass calculations (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). If the computations are inaccurate, the Cygnus X-1may end up only having 3 solar masses.If Cygnus X-1 has only 3 solar masses, it could be classified as merely being a neuron star, and not a black hole. The commodity news is that there are more binaries which reveal the possibility of a black hole, that which i s much stronger than in Cygnus X-1 (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). In the year 1975, an X-ray transient known as A0620-00 was discovered. In the mid-80s, it was found that the mass of this object was more than 3. 5 solar masses. This fact alone eradicates the possibility of a neuron star, since neuron stars usually possess solar masses of 1. 5.In fact, the discovery of A0620-00 may have put into question the feasibility of other theories. Nonetheless, the best finding regarding black holes is V404 Cygni. This star was found to have an estimated 10 solar masses. Several journals have also written about the existence of black holes. In the 1995 edition of yearly Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics,there was a review conducted by Kormendy and Richstone, which implied the eight galaxies were thought to have massive dark objects in their centers (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). These cores were found to have masses which range from 1 million to several billion times that of the sun.Their ponderousness was determined by noting how the speed with which stars and gas orbit around the center of the galaxy the faster the orbital speeds, the stronger the gravitational force required to hold the stars and gas in their orbits (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). In fact, this is how astronomy usually measures masses. There are two reasons why these massive galactic centers were deemed as black holes. To begin with, the centers are too dense and dark (Bunn, 1995, p. 1) to even be considered as a group of stars, or just merely stars.Second, the only promising theory to explain the enigmatic objects known as quasars and active galaxies postulates that such galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). Even though these reasons point out that the galactic centers are really black holes, there is no sufficient evidence to prove it. Nonetheless, there is a continuous discovery for proofs that systems do include black holes. According to Bunn (1995), a nearby active galaxy was found t o have a water maser system (a very powerful source of microwave radiation) near its nucleus.Using the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry, a group of researchers was able to map the velocity distribution of the gas with very fine resolution (p. 1). They also determined that the velocity was less than half a light-year of the center of the galaxy (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). It is from this fact that they deemed the object as a black hole, simply because only a black hole can have that much mass concentrated in such a small volume (Bunn, 1995, p. 1). All these results are include in January 12, 1995 issue of Nature, vol. 373. , as was reported by Miyoshi et al (Bunn, 1995, p.1). Is there a possibility that the Sun can be a black hole? No. According to Bunn (1995), only stars that weigh comfortably more than the Sun end their lives as black holes (p. 1). For about five billion years, the Sun will remain in its present state. After that, the Sun will undergo a phase wherein it w ill be a red giant star. The Sun will then end its life as a white dwarf star. If there are black holes, are there white ones? According to Bunn (1995), the equations of general relativity have an interesting mathematical property they are symmetric in time.That nub that you can take any solution to the equations and imagine that time flows backwards rather than forwards, and youll get another valid solution to the equations. If you apply this rule to the solution that describes black holes, you get an object known as a white hole (p. 1). If a black hole then pulls objects in, a white hole would then push things out. The former sucks in, the latter spits out. However, there is no proof that white holes exist, and there are no studies to point out if their existence is a possibility. There has also been speculations about the existence of what is called deform holes.What is a worm hole? It is a theoretical opening in space-time that one could use to travel to far away places very quickly (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). It is characterized by two copies of the black hole geometry attached by a throat the throat, or passageway, is called an Einstein-Rosen bridge (Lochner, 2006, p. 2). As is indicated in the definition, it is merely theoretical. There is no scientific basis nor experimental evidence for such existence. However, it is indeed amazing to think that such existence is possible. Do black holes disappear or evaporate? Even astronomers are not sure as to how black holes end their existence.Bunn (1995) notes that Back in the 1970s, Stephen Hawking came up with theoretical arguments showing that black holes are not really entirely black due to quantum-mechanical effects, they emit radiation. The energy that produces the radiation comes from the mass of the black hole. Consequently, the black hole gradually shrinks. It turns out that the rate of radiation increases as the mass decreases, so the black hole continues to radiate more and more intensely and to shr ink more and more rapidly until it presumptively vanishes entirely (p. 1) This is a mere theory.There have been no proof or scientific conclusions as to how black holes really diminish. Black holes are just one of the many things included in the grand universe we are a part of. Thanks to science and the technological advancements at present, we can have greater awareness and knowledge of what is within our universe but beyond our reach. References Bunn, T. (1995). Black Hole FAQ List. Retrieved declination 13, 2007, from http//cosmology. berkeley. edu/Education/BHfaq. html. Lochner, J. (2007). Black Holes. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from http//imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes. html.